Free College Admissions Essays: Sudden Death Canasta :: College Admissions Essays

Unexpected Death Canasta   Everyone's eyes were centered around me. This was it. The pressure had been developing to this point, and I knew there was no chance to get out. I had gotten myself into this scrape, and I was simply the one in particular that could receive in return. There was no one to go to, for they were all sitting tight for my last move. I had never felt so alone, so confined.   I looked over my cards for the fourth back to back time, and I could even now not choose which one to toss. I looked up from my cards and got a brief look at every player. I quickly felt the force of my sibling's eyes scowling at me from over the table. He didn't give me the help and consolation I was searching for from my accomplice. I moved my eyes to one side. My mom, having recently disposed of a five of clubs and seeing that it was of no utilization to me, was tasting espresso with a cheerful smile of help. At that point I looked straightforwardly at the most scary canasta player I have ever experienced. Distant Grandma Rose was serenely murmuring a tuneless tune which added to her puzzler. As this sly eighty-multi year old woman squinted at her cards through her bifocals, I realized that time was running out; I needed to settle on my choice. The most clear decision was to dispose of the ruler of spades for which I had no utilization, however I was anxious about the possibility that that she was hanging tight for this card. My option was to separate my merge and toss the six of clubs, a card which I had a sense of security in tossing.   Amidst my gloom, distant grandmother conveyed the last blow. She quit murmuring and articulated these feared words: It just damages for a moment.   She was unable to have burrowed a blade any more profound. My sibling's eyes were flaring with pressure, I had unlimited authority over his destiny, and I knew our group solidarity was riding on the result of my choice. I in this way chose to play protectively and toss the six of clubs. No sooner had my dispose of chosen top of the heap than my distant grandma's hand shot out to grab up the pile of cards and my sibling at the same time belted out a shout. The six of clubs?

Hih Collapse Essay

HIH were placed into temporary liquidation which uncovered there immense commitments. The corporate officials, examiners and controllers of HIH neglected to see, cure or report what ought to have been self-evident. Furthermore, a portion of the individuals who were in or near the administration of the gathering overlooked or, more regrettable, hid the genuine condition of the group’s consistently falling apart monetary position. 2. A huge amount of the general population were influenced by the breakdown as HIH was a huge insurance agency who might not have the option to pay numerous individuals out. Previous workers of HIH now wound up without an occupation, and left numerous ventures, for example, working in disturbance as individuals could no longer flexibly necessary home guarantee protection. 3. I imagine that the primary driver of the breakdown would be the concealing there misfortunes and composing bogus explanation to adjust the circumstance. An absence of tender loving care, an absence of responsibility for execution, and an absence of honesty in the company’s inward procedures and frameworks. Joined, these highlights prompted a progression of business choices that were misguided and much more clumsy. 4. An imperative piece of crafted by this Commission has been its thoughts on what's to come. Everything that should be possible ought to be done to limit the danger of a breakdown of the seriousness of the HIH disappointment happening once more. Suggestions incorporate the guideline of back up plans, auxiliary change influencing the business, bookkeeping contemplations and the executives and control of partnerships.

Types of Argumentative Essay Topics

Types of Argumentative Essay TopicsThe types of argumentative essay topics are varied. A debate, for example, is a type of essay, but its purpose is to convince the reader that the other side is in error. In general, these essays aim to persuade the reader not to accept the counter-argument, but rather to shift their views to support the one being presented.An excellent question in an essay is a good debate topic. There must be something you want to prove to the other side and this is usually met with fierce argument. To get your point across and develop a strong argument, the writers should employ all forms of rhetoric and persuasion. Of course, many writers do not consider rhetoric or persuasion as these are found in a number of other forms. For example, an argument can be made from textual argument, scientific evidence, emotional appeal, and so on.Persuasive essays are generally based on logical argumentation, i.e. they are convincing statements based on the facts of the case. Bot h sides of the argument should address the facts, whether they are factual statements, not. The other side, if it is not possible to present a fact, may state the opposite view and rely on logical fallacies.The writers must also consider the person. For example, the author should base their arguments on the facts and the ideas of the subject or topic under discussion. The more personal the argument, the better. In order to be convincing, writers must be able to engage and involve the readers in the argument.Discussion is extremely important in all forms of argumentative essay. Discussing points and answering any question will help the reader understand the points being presented. The writer should be able to connect the two ideas presented and encourage the reader to reflect upon the arguments.Article writing is an easy way to write an argumentative essay, but writers should be cautious about the tone they choose. For an argumentative essay, it is best to use personal attacks and hi ghlight the author's personality. As such, they will be successful and readers will take the ideas on board.In order to keep your ideas fresh, ask questions and comment on the others' ideas. Keep the arguments true to the points you are trying to make. Writers should be aware of how to take different angles of the argument and stand your ground.All points can be brought together into one argument by using different types of styles. Therefore, there is no right or wrong in presenting an argumentative essay. The only rule is that writers must make their point clearly, concisely and effectively.

Trinity University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Trinity University is a private liberal arts university with an acceptance rate of 34%. Founded in 1869, Trinity has historic ties to the Presbyterian Church. The university occupies a 117-acre residential campus overlooking San Antonio, Texas. Students come from 47 states and 68 countries, and the college has an impressive 9-to-1  student / faculty ratio. Trinitys business programs are the most popular among the schools 49 majors, but the universitys strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned the school a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. In athletics, the Trinity Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC). Considering applying to Trinity University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Trinity University had an acceptance rate of 34%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 34 students were admitted, making Trinitys admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 8,654 Percent Admitted 34% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 23% SAT Scores and Requirements Trinity University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 51% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 630 710 Math 630 720 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Trinity Universitys admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Trinity scored between 630 and 710, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 710. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 630 and 720, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 720. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1430 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Trinity University. Requirements Trinity University does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Trinity participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Trinity requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 49% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 34 Math 26 30 Composite 27 32 This admissions data tells us that most of Trinity Universitys admitted students fall within the  top 15% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Trinity received a composite ACT score between 27 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements Note that Trinity University participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all ACT test dates.  Trinity does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Trinity Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.61, and 42% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Trinity University have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Trinity University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Trinity University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Trinity University has a competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs. However, Trinity has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong  application essay  and glowing  letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. Trinity offers applicants the opportunity to visit campus, interview, and demonstrate their interest in attending the university. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and test scores are outside Trinitys average range. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent students who were accepted to Trinity University. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had at least B averages in high school, combined SAT scores of about 1200 or higher (ERWM), and ACT composite scores of 24 or higher. Many Trinity students had solid A averages in high school. If You Like Trinity University, You May Also Like These Schools Rice UniversityBaylor UniversityTexas Christian UniversityTexas State UniversityDuke UniversityVanderbilt UniversityStanford UniversitySouthern Methodist University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Trinity University Undergraduate Admissions Office. Trinity University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA Trinity University is a private liberal arts university with an acceptance rate of 34%. Founded in 1869, Trinity has historic ties to the Presbyterian Church. The university occupies a 117-acre residential campus overlooking San Antonio, Texas. Students come from 47 states and 68 countries, and the college has an impressive 9-to-1  student / faculty ratio. Trinitys business programs are the most popular among the schools 49 majors, but the universitys strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned the school a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. In athletics, the Trinity Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC). Considering applying to Trinity University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Trinity University had an acceptance rate of 34%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 34 students were admitted, making Trinitys admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 8,654 Percent Admitted 34% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 23% SAT Scores and Requirements Trinity University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 51% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 630 710 Math 630 720 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Trinity Universitys admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Trinity scored between 630 and 710, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 710. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 630 and 720, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 720. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1430 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Trinity University. Requirements Trinity University does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Trinity participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Trinity requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 49% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 34 Math 26 30 Composite 27 32 This admissions data tells us that most of Trinity Universitys admitted students fall within the  top 15% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Trinity received a composite ACT score between 27 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements Note that Trinity University participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all ACT test dates.  Trinity does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Trinity Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.61, and 42% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Trinity University have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Trinity University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Trinity University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Trinity University has a competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs. However, Trinity has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong  application essay  and glowing  letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. Trinity offers applicants the opportunity to visit campus, interview, and demonstrate their interest in attending the university. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and test scores are outside Trinitys average range. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent students who were accepted to Trinity University. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had at least B averages in high school, combined SAT scores of about 1200 or higher (ERWM), and ACT composite scores of 24 or higher. Many Trinity students had solid A averages in high school. If You Like Trinity University, You May Also Like These Schools Rice UniversityBaylor UniversityTexas Christian UniversityTexas State UniversityDuke UniversityVanderbilt UniversityStanford UniversitySouthern Methodist University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Trinity University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Analysis Of The Book Never Let Me Go - 1158 Words

The Soul’s Power Every living thing has a soul, but not all the souls are the same. The soul in most of the religions and philosophical traditions is defined as the source of life in a living thing. The great philosopher Aristotle said that all of living things have souls but it differs as plants have nutritive souls , animals has sentient souls and humans have Logical souls. In Never Let Me Go Kazuo Ishiguro is showing how important the soul is, by showing how three clones whose lives are decided for them since the day they were born are totally different from the people they were copied from. As the moment they were cloned, somehow they had developed a souls in their bodies which made them totally different persons who think and have different personalities. Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go is ironically parallel to Plato’s Allegory of the cave as the clones learn the truth of their existence as â€Å"the mind is more real than the body†. Kathy, Ruth and Tommy spend the first 16 years of their lives in the cave in Hailsham. Hailsham is a real estate gem who’s perfect for hiding clones that want to pretend don’t exist. Hailsiam is an awesome place, who doesn t love drawing classes and playing football? The students never leave the Hailsham grounds and are kept in the dark about what s in store for them in the future. What they know is that they are special, and that it is super essential for them to be creative. So Hailsham students work a lot on poetry and art with the hope thatShow MoreRelatedIt Worked For Me By David Powell1358 Words   |  6 PagesThis book explores into the military life of Collin Powell, creating an open door for leaders to understand and grow from Powell’s life moments. Powell’s book â€Å"It worked for me† provides life experiences for readers. These life moments where build over time from the growth of his career through the military. Allowing readers into his personal life an d beyond, leaving readers with messages to take from. Providing readers with military stories, sympathetic moments and acedenotes from Powell. SometimesRead MoreDifferent Kinds Of Energy And Which Ramp Will Be Faster1183 Words   |  5 Pagesenergy is like holding a book in the air and just letting go and let the gravity pull it to the ground. Gravitational Potential Energy is just potential energy that is stored between an object and Earth. Ex.Gravitational Potential energy is like holding a book above the ground and not letting go at all. Elastic Potential Energy is energy that is stored in an object that is compressed or stretched.Ex.Elastic Potential energy is like stretching a rubber band and letting go and letting it fly. ChemicalRead MoreWinning And Loosing By Paul Galdone826 Words   |  4 Pagesmost cases, children’sfirst encounter with books is bedtime stories from their parents.My journey of reading and writing was a rollercoaster. A story of battles, some won ot hers lost. ​The best memory I have of a book is reading andcomprehending the tale of The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone. I gained insight about wisdom from the choices made by the three pigs. It was among the first books I borrowed from our local library. For me, reading this book was similar to a hard-earned dollar. The significanceRead MorePersonal Profile1426 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Oakley Freshman Seminar (W) September 2006 Never Judge a Book... I am an examiner, an adventurer, an investigator and an observer. All of these qualities come forth prominently through being a student. Life is a journey of learning, I believe in being a student throughout life and I will take a front row seat. Through being a student, Ive learned not only about the concepts at hand, however about myself as well. 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The less relationships that people build, the more lonely, and self-kept they become. Throughout the book Of Mice and Men, George, and Lennie are examples of the positive effects on building relationships, and Crooks is an example of the negativeRead Morehistory1739 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Shackleton’s Way: Analysis Review Sara Mleso Weber State University Shackleton’s Way: Analysis Review Unfortunately, I missed the opportunity to participate in the group discussion in person on the day we were on campus. I have since emailed both particpants in my group, Anna Guzman and Tara Rhodes, who both responded promptly that everyone was submitting short answers to the questions in our discussion group, to compare and analyze. I have since compared and reviewed theirRead MoreMain Ideas - Original Writing1552 Words   |  7 Pagesor death. In the end Leslie decides to join his step-father and many other men to go to a concentration camp separated from the women and children. I must say that Leslie made the right choice by deciding to go with his step-father, because hadn’t he not gone he might have not been able to share this story of his with all of us. Analysis: There are a variety of different focuses that were present throughout this book, all which have a very important message and impact. The one focus, or intent asRead MoreThe Freedom Writers And Romeo And Juliet905 Words   |  4 Pagestwo different english classes a year. We read different writing pieces, wrote essays, and learned techniques that help us develop our reading and writing skills. In middle school the writing tasks were easier and funner than high school. We read books like the Diary of Anne Frank, The Freedom Writers, and Romeo and Juliet, that I actually found interesting. They would give us the task of writing our own journals. We had to write an entry every day a page or more long, like Anne Frank and like TheRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Writing1056 Words   |  5 Pagesused to be very scared of writing and hated the idea of sharing my writing or thoughts with anybody. I used to never go to teachers, friends, or my parents for help because I was embarrassed of my writing and did not want them to read it. This semester I worked harder to get past this and gain more confidence in my writing. Now I have developed a solid pre-writing process that has helped me develop more organized essays and become less scared of writing. Last semester, and the beginning of this semester

Douglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers The Making of...

Douglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California When Spaniards colonized California, they invaded the native Indians with foreign worldviews, weapons, and diseases. The distinct regional culture that resulted from this union in turn found itself invaded by Anglo-Americans with their peculiar social, legal, and economic ideals. Claiming that differences among these cultures could not be reconciled, Douglas Monroy traces the historical interaction among them in Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California. Beginning with the missions and ending in the late 1800s, he employs relations of production and labor demands as a framework to explain the†¦show more content†¦The Indians fused the material and spiritual into one existence and conceived time and life as cyclical. Culture was reproduced over and over because ?the individual has had no freedom to act in ways different from those of the ancestors.?(11) They are portrayed without history, and he later concludes that ?entrance into histo ry killed them?(282), implying that history is a European phenomenon. Rice, on the other hand, states: California?s Indians are popularly viewed as static remnants of ancient Stone-Age peoples. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Before and after the advent of whites in their lands, native cultures constantly changed and adapted to shifting social and ecological conditions. (Rice, 31) Denying a group their own history subtly, yet dangerously, produces formation of the ?other.? Monroy contradicts himself by writing, ?Unbeknownst to most Europeans, the natives they encountered varied more widely that did the different European people themselves.?(6) They spoke between sixty-four and eighty different languages (Rice, 32). Surely such a diverse group of people could not have developed without changing and adapting to specific areas or circumstances. The Spanish philosophy of colonization entailed military regulation and religious conversion at the missions. According to Monroy, more women than men were attracted to the missions because they were oppressed in Indian society. ?We see here how the power

A Classification Essay on Campus Fashion free essay sample

The most noticeable one is the over-dresser, and that’s precisely the way they expect it to be. You’ll recognize this student right away, rocking clothes that look as if they came straight off the runway. That girl in your math class who never wears heels lower than 4-inches or that guy you saw in the cafeteria wearing a Giorgio Armani suit would fit into this category well. With these guys, it’s all about looking their best at any given moment and keeping all eyes on them, and while that’s not necessarily a bad thing, we must be wary of the over-dressers who let the attention get to their heads and start believing they’re better than the rest of us more lowly dressers. On the extreme opposite end of the spectrum, we can find the anti-dresser. This student will come to school in pajama pants, a torn t-shirt and a pair of sneakers with mismatched and questionably stained socks. We will write a custom essay sample on A Classification Essay on Campus Fashion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some kids sporting this look may have just been running a bit late or were feeling a little lazy that morning, while the others are making an almost political statement: that they don’t care what the rest of us think of them and refuse to conform to the norms. They’re not trying to impress anybody with their look and instead look for other ways to garner some attention – either through academics, athletics or social situations. Somewhere in the middle, we’ll find the casual dressers. Most students can fit into this category at least half of the time they’re on campus. You’ll find them strolling around in their Taylor’s University polo and shorts, or a nice, albeit boring, blouse and a pair of jeans. They dress conventionally and down to earth; they’re not trying to stop traffic with their clothes, nor are they completely ignoring the importance of their presentation. Their goal, sometimes without even realizing it, is to show up at school and fly under the radar. Maybe they just want to focus on their schoolwork, or maybe they are too concerned with fitting in to try anything a little more adventurous with their wardrobe, but this is a campus style that won’t be going anywhere any time soon. Each of these styles tells us a story of the student – what you chose to put on is a form of self-expression, and regardless of what the fashion magazines tell us, there is no â€Å"wrong† way to dress. None of these campus fashion personalities is better than another, and instead add to the culture of Taylor’s. What is more important to remember is that we accurately present ourselves to the world – so jeans or leather hot pants, flip-flops or Jimmy Choos, they all have a place at this school.

Sponsorship Scandal

Amelie film review essays

Amelie film review essays My first response when learning that I had to see the film Amelie was Oh no... however, after viewing the film I found that the film had a very large moral significance. I believe that one of the themes central to this film is the age old Carpe Diem or seize the day. Amelie first comes to this realization after dutifully completing philanthropic acts by returning Dominiques box of his only childhood memories or writing to the woman whose husband left her after the war. The moral significance comes into play in the question whether or not she should do these deeds even though I believe she was doing them for the right reasons. Amelies life was a lonely life. She experienced many trials and tribulations during her life and she rarely had any support through her childhood. She practically raised herself into believing that she received pleasure from all the small things in life such as skipping stones on that canal. I believe that the director wanted to show that one must incorporate the larger things in life to be happy such as love. I believe that a very moving scene was the final video tape that the glass man sent her to watch. This is what finally convinces Amelie to risk it all to be with the man she loves. The glass man is very wise and experienced in his years and I believe that he represented the moral figure in this play. He was the one who constantly tried to analyze the works of Renoir, to try to capture the essences of the people portrayed in them. As the character in that work of Renoir is a mystery to him, Amelie is also an enigma to him. In the final scenes of the movie, he finally can give her the moral advice to seize the day. ...

Share Trading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Share Trading Assignment - Essay Example For the theoretical analysis, the LSE provided all the performance charts for all the companies highlighted and presented in this paper. For the fundamental analysis, the LSE provided all the data in terms of income statements, profit and loss accounts, as well as balance sheets for all the companies stated and highlighted in this paper. A common trend in the investment market in the UK has shown that the trading of securities has been increasing in recent years. The London stock market (LSM) has been in existence for the last 300 years. Many people believe that the LSM holds the ideology where the rich get richer by owning percentages of firms in the financial market. However, due to the introduction of pro trading skills, the LSE has changed its identity allowing an open avenue for any suitable investor to play a vital role in the investment and financial market. The mechanisms of trading in the stock market have been complicated for these investors, a phenomenon that has increased the risks of investment. However, the study of the theoretical and fundamental analysis makes the comprehension of the securities trading mechanism easier to absorb. In this paper, these two phenomena have been identified and explained comprehensively and a comparison analysis has been made to further explain how trades can be made in the London stock market. A case study has also been outlined to determine the two analyses by using 100,000 pounds in the UK local trading floor. A stock is a portion in the proprietorship of a company. Stocks characterize a privilege on the companys properties and earnings. As an individual acquires more stock, their proprietorship stake in the establishment becomes larger. It should be taken to account that the terms stock shares or equity represent the same thing. Most stocks are transacted on exchanges, which are dwellings where customers and vendors set and decide on a price. During the previous few years, the typical persons concern in the

Management accounting - contemporary approach Essay

Management accounting - contemporary approach - Essay Example The paper starts off with a brief review of literature concerning historical trends in management accounting and then develops understanding into modern issues while introducing recent systems of management accounting, discusses a breakthrough development in performance measures viz. balanced scorecard and identifies various budgetary controls and their relationship with the managerial performance. The management accounting system emerged and developed initially during the 19th century. At first it was solely used by managers for obtaining cost information such as direct labour and direct material etc used in the manufacturing process. Further, the management accounting was developed in the same century to obtain information concerning subordinate activities and impact of specific products on company profits. It was then also utilised for estimating costs (standard cost) and comparing it with actual costs i.e., variance analysis (Johnson & Kaplan, 1987). Atkinson et al. (1997) describe management accounting as a process through which the economic transactions of an organisation are acknowledged, gauged, accounted and examined. This process of management accounting needs to be endogenous to the organisation, which directs the flow of organisational decisions vis--vis operation and investment. Despite the criticality of management accounting in the process of managerial decision-making and performance towards the accomplishment of organisational goals, there remain substantial concerns regarding the bias and malpractice exercised on the part of managers. These concerns lead to the development of various controls enabling the organisations to oversee the conduct of managers and supervisors, and to make them accountable for their activities impacting organisational goals. This is referred to as the management control, and Anthony and Govindarajan (1998, p17) delineate it as, "Management control is the process by which managers influence other members of the organization to implement the organization's strategies. The system used by management to control the activities of an organization is called its management control system." Hopwood (1972) previously figured out various demoralised activities on the part of the managers, such as budgetary slacks and exploitation of performance measures vitiating the role of management accounting. Merchant (1985) describes various controls to be enforced at managerial level so as to set standards and gauge outcomes of managerial activities and decision-making. The most significant control pertinent to management is the result control, which is achieved either through some performance indicators such as profitability etc or through target identification. Holzer and Norreklit (1991) says that financial accountability control could be also exercised at the management level, where the managers could be held responsible for financial results of the company such as net income, losses etc. In this way, decisions taken under the management accoun

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes Mobile computing with WirelessLAN And its modes Ad hoc network with challenges Pallavi D. Dudhe, Prof. P. L. Ramteke Abstract In this paper, we summarized Mobile computing with WirelessLAN and its modes Ad hoc network and infrastructure. We define the operational model of our mobile computing environment, where we plan to demonstrate our proposed solutions. Mobile cloud computing is the combination of both cloud computing and mobile networks to bring benefits for mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud computing providers. In the present mobile communication environment, lot of research is going on, to improve the performance of issues like handoffs, routing etc. Security is another key issue that needs to be considered, when the setup of communication channel is to be set. Wireless local area network (WLAN) security are inherently weak and do not provide adequate security. Newer, more robust, wireless security technologies are being developed but have not had widespread acceptance within corporate information infrastructures. An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes equipped wi th wireless communication adapters; these nodes dynamically form a temporary network without the need of any existing network infrastructure. Earlier studies on ad hoc networks aimed to propose solutions to some fundamental problems, such as routing, coping with the new challenges caused by networks and nodes features without taking the security issues into account. Keywords – Mobile computing, mobile computing security, mobile agent’s security, mobile ad hoc networks, wireless networks. I. INTRODUCTION Mobile computing requires wireless network to support outdoor mobility and handoff from one network to the next at a pedestrian or vehicular speed. Traveler in car using laptop connected with a GSM phone engaged in mobile computing. One of the more exciting information technologies to come about in the last several years was wireless computing. Computer users have to be tied to massive desktop computers to accomplish their daily tasks. Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing refers to access to computer network at any location by any person all the time. With the rapid growth in the wireless mobile communication technology, small devices like PDAs, laptops are able to communicate with the fixed wired network. Because of its flexibility and provision of providing ubiquitous infrastructure, there is need to provide security at any level. As wireless communication takes place mainly through the radio signals rather than wires, it is easier to intercept or eavesdrop on the communicat ion channels. Therefore, it is important to provide security from all these threats. There are different kinds of issues within security like confidentiality, integrity, availability, legitimacy, and accountability that needs to be individually taken care off. Mobile Cloud Computing at its simplest refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and the data processing happen outside of the mobile device. Mobile cloud applications move the computing power and data storage away from mobile phones and into the cloud, bringing applications and mobile computing to not just Smartphone users but a much broader range of mobile subscribers. Nowadays, microprocessors and wireless adapters are embedded in many devices, as cell-phones, PDAs, Laptops, digital sensors, and GPS receivers. These well-equipped devices allow the creation of wireless mobile networks, which make the vision of nomadic computing with its ubiquitous access more and more attractive. II. VARIOUS FORMS OF COMPUTING Mobile, ubiquitous, nomadic, untethered, pervasive and anytime, anywhere, any person computing  are used by researchers to refer to computing that uses small portable devices and wireless communication network. Nomadic computing refers to limited migration. Migration is within a building at a pedestrian speed. In the same vein, users carrying laptop with DIAL-UP modems are engaged in nomadic computing. Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing refers to access to computer network all the time at any location by any person.Ubiquitous computing can not be realized unless mobile computing matures. Figure 1. Relationship between computing One of the more exciting information technologies to come about in the last several years was wireless computing. WirelessLANs operate in one of two modes, ad-hoc or infrastructure. Ad-hoc defines a method of wireless computer peers to exchange data without a predefined network infrastructure and has not met with great success. The infrastructure mode of operation is predominantly used for construction of wireless networks and requires two components; wireless access point(s) connected to a traditional wired network and wireless network interface card(s) installed into the computing devices. III. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF WIRELESS NETWORKS Wireless LAN is a traditional LAN architecture extended with a wireless interface to service small low-powered portable terminals capable of wireless access. The wireless LAN is further connected to a more extensive fixed network such as LAN or WAN. Wireless LANs have limited range and are designed to be used only in local environments. There are two types of wireless LAN architectures: ad-hoc networks and infrastructure networks. The Wide-Area Wireless Networks are special mobile radio networks that provide wide coverage for low bandwidth data services. In paging networks the service is usually receive-only and has very low bandwidth. The initial applications for satellite systems are voice and paging. Additional services planned include messaging and fax transmission. Wireless networks communicate by modulating radio waves or pulsing infrared light. Wireless communication is linked to the wired network infrastructure by stationary transceivers. The area covered by an individual transceivers signal is known as a cell. Cell sizes vary widely: Figure 2. Architecture of wireless networks A. Operational problems associated with wireless network Disconnection:-Wireless communications suffer from frequent disconnections due to a higher degree of noise and interference as well as the process of inter-cell hand-offs. Disconnections can be hidden by asynchronous operation. Heterogeneous network:-To achieve wireless communication a mobile host must get connected to different and heterogeneous networks. The general problem of heterogeneity can be addressed by exploiting emerging distributed systems. Bandwidth and Interface Variability:-Bandwidth can shift one to four orders of magnitude, depending on whether the system is plugged in or using wireless access or switching interfaces, e.g. from infrared to radio when the user moves from indoors to outdoors. Mobile applications have to adapt their behaviour properly. Security Risks:- Precisely because connection to a wireless link is so easy, the security of wireless communication can be compromised much more easily than that of wired communication. B. Challenges regarding wireless network Main cause of loss of packets in wired network is congestion because error rates are very low. In wireless network, congestion still remains a problem, but this situation is somewhat reversed. Wired and wireless network require different techniques to achieve reliability and flow control. TCP works is unsuitable for wireless network as it interprets errors as packet loss. ITCP (split/indirect TCP) splits TCP into two parts , One between sender and local MSS of the recipient. The other between local MSS and recipient. If MH switches cell during life time of a ITCP Connection center point of connection moves to new MSS. sender remains completely unaware about it. IV. AD HOC NETWORK An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes equipped with wireless communication adapters, these nodes dynamically form a temporary network without the need of any existing network infrastructure. A mobile ad hoc network, or MANET, is a temporary infrastructure less network, formed by a set of mobile hosts that dynamically establish their own network, without relying on any central administration. Mobile hosts used in MANET have to ensure the roles that were ensured by the powerful fixed infrastructure in traditional networks. This is a challenging task, since these devices have limited resources such as CPU, storage, energy, etc.Moreover, the networks environment has some features that add extra complications, such as the frequent topology changes caused by nodes mobility, and the unreliability and the bandwidth limitation of wireless channels. A. Security requirements of ad hoc network The security services of ad hoc networks are not different than those of other types of network communication. The goal is to protect the information and the resources from attacks and misbehavior. In working with network security, there are many requirements that an effective security must ensure: Availability: ensures that the desired network services are available whenever they are expected, inspite of attacks. Systems that ensure availability seek to combat denial of service and energy starvation  attacks that we will present later. Authenticity: ensures communication from one node to another is genuine. It ensures that a malicious node cannot masquerade as a trusted network node. Data confidentiality: is a core security primitive for ad hoc networks, It ensures that a given message cannot be understood by anyone else than its (their) desired recipient(s). Data confidentiality  is typically enabled by applying cryptography Integrity: denotes the authenticity of data sent from one node to another. That is, it ensures that a message sent from node A to node B was not modified by a malicious node, C, during transmission. Non-repudiation ensures that the origin of the message is legitimate. i.e. when one node receives a false message from another, nonrepudiation allows the former to accuse the later of sending the false  message and enables all other nodes to know about it. Digital signature may be used to ensure  nonrepudiation B. Challenges regarding Ad hoc network Ad hoc network routing is the ultimate challenge. Ad hoc networks arise in rapid deployment scenarios: Emergency disaster management. Military operation in remote sites. Business meeting venues without infrastructure support. Many routing algorithms are designed: AODV, DSR, DSDV, TORA, FSR, LAR, ABR, etc.There are interesting application of conventional graph theoretic problems in ad hoc network routing. V. CHALLENGES REGARDING MOBILE COMPUTING Mobile computing affects entire spectrum of issues in computing. First of all it is distributed and mobile computing. Distributed computing as we know works on static wired network. Node may initiate computation somewhere and migrate to another place. So two major problem that arise due to mobility are Searching for current location of a mobile node and to impose a communication structure among nodes. Physical location of mobile is not the network address, so how do we route the message to a mobile host. This question is being addressed by two different communities: Internet community and cellular community . Work of Internet community involves Mobile IP which work as assumes connection-less, packet switching scenario. Cellular communitys effort based on location management of cellular phone users. It deals with connection oriented communication, since it is motivated by issues in call-setup in telephony. Main problem in mobility management is to find an appropriate trade-off between searching and informing. Searching is performed when address of the message recipient is not known or at least not known precisely. Informing is a responsibility of the mobile unit when it migrates. Extreme situations can be Mobile unit never informs works for units receiving few messages and for units which dont move during receiving. Always informs works well for units receiving messages frequently. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper we have studied the different challenges regarding wirelessLAN, its modes Ad hoc network and infrastructure as well as requirement regarding security. As with every Information technology project, security must be a primary consideration. For security to effective, it must be deployed proportional to risk. WLANs present a security risk to organizations but providing security for WLANs is not an insurmountable challenge. There are security solutions available for WLANs to mitigate those most conceivable risks we think securing ad hoc networks is a great challenge that includes many opened problems of research, and receives more and more attention among ad hoc networks community. REFERENCES [1] Abolfazli, Saeid; Sanaei, Zohreh; Ahmed, Ejaz; Gani, Abdullah; Buyya, Rajkumar (1 July 2013). Cloud-Based  Augmentation for Mobile Devices: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Open Challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 99 (pp): [2] R.K.Ghosh ,CSE100, April 2005. [3] Arbaugh, W. A., Shankar, N., Wan, J. Y. (2001). Your 802.11 Wireless Network has No Clothes. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland at College Park. Retrieved October 21, 2004, from http://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/wireless.pdf [4] William Stallings. Cryptography and Network Security principles and practices. Pearson Education  Inc, third edition edition, 2003. [5] Frank Stajano and Ross Anderson. The resurrecting duckling: Security issues for ad-hoc wireless  networks. In 7th International Security Protocols Workshop, Cambridge, UK, April 1999. [6] Duchamp, D. (1992) Issues in Wireless Mobile Computing. Proceedings Third Workshop on Workstation Operating Systems, April 1992, 2-10. [7] Sumi Helal,Ph.D Associate professor, computer information science Engineering Department , University of Florida, Gainesville.FL32611,[emailprotected]. [8] Berghel, H. (2004). Wireless Infidelity I: War Driving.Communications of the ACM, 47(9), 21-28. [9] Forman, G.H. and Zahorian, J. (1994) The Challenges of Mobile Computing. IEEE Computer, April 1994, 38- 47. [10] Charles.E. Perkins and Elizabeth.M. Royer. Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) algorithm.  In the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA99), pages 90-100, 1999.

Ecosystem Services Essay -- Environmental Science

D1. What are ecosystem goods and services? People have been relying for their daily needs and well-being on nature. The natural ecosystem provides varieties of goods and services to us, for instance, fresh water, fisheries, timber, water purification etc. The benefits that people directly get from the natural systems are called ecosystem services (ES). The natural ecosystem provides both goods and services to us. The ecosystem goods are the things that people produced from soil, water and plants; Crops, Fibre, Timber, Livestock, Tourism, etc. are the example of ecosystem goods. And, at the same time people get a varieties of fundamental and life supporting services such as flood control, clean air and water, pollination of crops and other plants, natural hazard regulation, cultural, spiritual and aesthetic services which are called ES ( Kerr, G., 2010). Classification of ecosystem services The united nation was carried out an extensive study of current condition and trends of ecosystem services with the help of 1,300 experts from around the world and prepared the The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) Report in 2005. This report classifies ecosystem services into four types. 1) Supporting services: It is a fundamental unit of ecosystem services which support other ecosystem services. The soil formation, photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and water cycling are the supporting service in ES. 2) Provisioning services: These include the goods or products obtained from ecosystem such as foods (crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture, and wild foods), Fibre (timber, cotton, silk, wood fuel, genetic resources, biochemical, natural ... ...then the decision. The decision maker should know the consequences of their decision in ES, for example how timber supply, making dam and extensive land use for agriculture affect in ES. The decision maker action may change the ES, they should consider the trade-offs among many option at decision making time and should chose the policies that help to foster and sustain the ES (Ranganathan, J. et al., 2008). Conclusion The benefits that we get from the nature are ES and it is indispensable for our overall development and prosperity. Works Cited Ranganathan, J. et al. (2008). Ecosystem Services a Guide for Decision Makers. World Resources Institute. Kerr, G. (2010). Ecosystem Services Approach to Inform Environmental Management, Draft. Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC.

Piaget’s Developmental Psychology Essay

Piaget (1896-1980) believed that there was a quantitative difference between the intelligence of adults, young children and older children. He believed adults have better knowledge of the world and because children do not use the same logic in there thinking. He believed that children’s logic changed as they developed through their four stages of life Piaget came to this conclusion after completing his cognitive development test. Unlike psychologist Siegler and Huges, Piaget is a theoretical psychologist and carried out many experiments to illustrate his theories. These stages have been critisied by many psychologist including Hughes, Siegler, Rose, Blank. Sensorimotor Stage Piaget believed that a new born had basic biological motivations, and acquired knowledge by accommodation and assimilation, and once a child has acquired these schemas it would be at equilibration. It has been argued that Piaget underestimated the intelligence of a newborn. Piaget’s sample did not illustrate a wide variety of children therefore his experiment cannot be related to every child at that relevant age. His study was also only preformed on his own children therefore results could have been bias. Similar experiments were devised by other psychologist giving different conclusions, indicating Piaget’s results were not always reliable. Piaget’s first stage stated that a baby (0-2) first explores the world using motor and reflex actions. For example a child reaches towards an object and after many attempts will be able to eventually grasp the object and then bring the object to its mouth and will continue to explore it uses the senses of taste and smell. A child is said to have completed this stage of development once they have obtained object permanence (a child understands that an object still exists even when it is not visible). This theory was tested by giving a 5-6 months old child a toy to play with, the toy was covered with a cloth and the baby’s behavior observed. Results showed that a baby immediately lost interest as if the object never existed. However when tested with a 10 month old child it would continue to reach for the toy although it could not see it. Another explanation is that the child did not think the toy had seized to exist but was distracted by the movement of the cloth, which is why the child looks away and appears to have ‘forgot’ the toy. Bower and Wishart (1972) argued that it does still exist in a babies mind even when it may not be visible. There experiment was done on a baby less than four months; the baby was offered a toy but as it reached for the toy the lights were switched off this showed that even when the lights were off the child continued to reach for the toy. It can be argued that the child was not reaching out for the toy but was just reaching due to the discomfort of the sudden darkness. This study could also go against the ethics as the child could have been experiencing fear from the sudden loss sight. Pre-operational Stage At this stage a child develops symbolic thinking; another characteristic of this stage is egocentrism. Piaget devised a three mountain task to test this theory. A child was sat in front of a three mountains model, a doll was then placed at varies positions in the modeled mountains and pictures were presented, they were asked to pick the picture that represented what the doll could see. Four and five year olds selected the picture showing what they could see, this suggested that they thought the doll could see what they could identifying egocentrism. However most seven years old were able to identify the correct picture. Due to Piaget’s selection of children it was very difficult to apply his findings to others, his own children were used throughout most of his experiment and any others were from well educated backgrounds. It can be argued that this experiment lacked ecological validity as the child could not relate to the situation they were presented with. Hughes devised a task to test egocentrism in a child but relating to an everyday situation, children as young as three and a half answered the question correctly, and 90% of children tested altogether were able to give the correct answer. Concrete operational stage A child enters this stage when they understand the appearance of something may change although the item itself remains the same. Piaget tested this stage by setting out a row of counters in front of each child, than asking the child to make another row the same as the first one. Piaget would than spread out his row of counters and ask the child if there were still the same amount of counters. This experiment tested a child’s conservation of numbers. Most seven year olds were able to answer this question correctly concluding by the age of seven children are able to conserve numbers. To test the conservation of liquid Piaget collected two identical glasses A + B and a taller thin container C and asked the child which container held more, he then transferred the liquid from A+B to C and asked the child again. When a child was able to identify that both containers held the same amount of liquid they had achieved the concrete operational stage. Many aspects of this test have been criticized, including the social context of the child’s understanding. Rose and Blank argued that when a child is asked the same question twice they assumed there first answer was incorrect and changed their answer. When Rose and Blank replicated this experiment and only asked the question once most six years olds gave the correct answer. McGarriglr and Donaldson (1974) argued that as the adult changed the appearance children would assume this was significant so devised an experiment were the appearance of the items were changed accidently. Children tested were between four and six, results showed that more than half tested gave the correct answer. Confirming children conserve at a younger age than Piaget claimed. Formal Operational Stage A child shows logical thinking but generally needs to be able to work through sequences with actual objects. Once a child can manipulate ideas in their head it has entered the formal operational stage. Piaget tested this by giving each child string and weights and told them to find out which factors affects a complete swing of the pendulum they could vary the weights, length of string and strength of push. Piaget found children who had entered the formal operational stage approached the task systematically testing one variable at a time. Psychologist Robert Siegler (1979) tested children aged five and upwards, by using the balance beam test. Results showed that eventually the child would take into account the interaction between the weight and the disc but would not achieve this ability until they were between 13 and 17. This concluded that children’s cognitive development is based on acquiring and using rules in increasingly more complex situations instead of stages. Conclusion Piaget tested his children and well-educated professionals therefore making his findings ungeneralised and potentially bias. Subsequent questions relating to the child’s individual answer may have led children to give the answer researchers were looking for. Piaget underestimated the ability of children’s social understanding. A child’s perception of an adult the importance of a familiar context and the meaning of a second question all affect a child’s performance. Weaknesses in Piaget experiment prevent children from showing what understood. Piaget overestimated the age at which children entered the formal operational stage (Siegler). As Piaget focused on individual children he failed to take social settings into account. He failed to show that development is continuous and not in stages Evidence suggests that environmental factors, ethics and gender could alter a child’s development. Small samples and controllability of variables were not taken into account. Piagets had very little evidence to support his findings and believed that his finding could be applied to every child. Piaget’s focus on qualitative development has played an important role on education. Piaget opened the opportunities for others to learn and discover more on how children development.

The Concept Of American Democracy - 1699 Words

Democracy is perhaps the most elusive concept of all times. But if there has to be something more elusive, it will surely be the concept of American democracy. In 1858, Abraham Lincoln is known to have written:  ¨As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master †¦ This expresses my idea of democracy. Whoever differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no democracy. ¨ The initial understanding of American democracy takes the form of an antithesis of English colonialism and slavery. Based on this understanding, there is little doubt that the foundations of the  ´greatest democracy on earth ´ are to be found in the darkest, the most blatantly majoritarian and atrocious times. There is little disagreement among constitutional†¦show more content†¦How does the American concept of democracy reconcile with the  ¨rule by the people, of the people and for the people ¨ conception of democracy today? While America truly is exceptional in its dynamism, it is also shockingly imperfect in ways that most true patriots refuse to accept. ItÅ› greatness and freeness is by no means premised on empirical facts. If anything, the situation is otherwise. Freedom House, is an independent watchdog that rates countries based on their civil and political rights accessibility to the citizens. According to their 2017 report, America scored the highest mark on each front, just like many other European countries, but it ranks much lower according to the aggregate score, which takes into account factors like electoral process, political pluralism and participation, and functioning of government, freedom of expression and belief etc. For me, as a foreigner, the idea of American democracy can be better understood as a culture, rather than a system of government. As someone not fully versed with the specifics of the political history and the intricacies of the electoral system, I view American democracy as a set up characterized by three things: An unprecedented level of individual autonomy A deep distrust for the government The concept of limited government (which has increasingly become a contentious feature of American governance) Based on theseShow MoreRelatedJudicial Review: The American Concept of Democracy671 Words   |  3 PagesJudicial Review Judicial review should remain the sole prerogative of the courts, which only a constitutional amendment can nullify or alter. Furthermore, the courts should always be guided in its exercise by judicial restraint. The American concept of democracy provides that no branch of government shall be more powerful and uncontrolled than the other branches (Lutzenberger, 2012). 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Barber published â€Å"Jihad vs. McWorld† in 1996 arguing that westernized capitalistic democratic countries, more specifically the United States, are culprits of citizen-less democracies, and annihilation of traditional cultural values through the use of Americanization. Through worldwide concepts, Barber successfully explains that true democracy, a nd nation states are being torn apart thoughRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence Essay examples504 Words   |  3 Pages Rights of the People nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A democracy is a system of government controlled by the people, not by one certain group or individual. In the Declaration of Independence it states that â€Å"all men are created equal,† an idea which leads to the concept that all citizens should have the same rights, responsibilities, and influence in the governing of their country. In writing the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson was trying to break his ties with the harsh and non-democratic

Identifying Patient s Needs And Analysis And Synthesis

Your Name: Janis Luce Date: January 15, 2015 Your Instructor’s Name: Knapp Purpose: The focus of this assignment is identifying patient’s needs and analysis and synthesis of details within the written client record and planning an appropriate discharge plan with necessary patient teaching of the disease process. Points: This assignment is worth a total of 100 points. Directions: Please refer to the Discharge Teaching Plan Guidelines found in Doc Sharing for details about how to complete this form. Type your answers on this form. Click â€Å"Save as† and save the file with the assignment name and your last name, e.g., â€Å"NR305_Discharge_Teaching_ Plan_Form_Smith† When you are finished, submit the form to the Teaching Plan Dropbox by the†¦show more content†¦It would be best to use a multifaceted approach to Mr. Yoder’s discharge planning. We can use the help of his son as well as any support groups in the community and continue to implement the help of a home health nurse. Focusing on how Mr. Yoder retains information best will be important here. We can alter our teaching methods to match his needs. It will also be important to focus on his readiness to learn. Using a multitude of techniques in Mr. Yoder’s plan of care will help him be successful in his discharge from the hospital. Implementing the assistance of community-focused programs can help give Mr. Yoder companionship. Support programs with the agencies on aging can be informative and helpful (www.agingcare.com, 2015). They can assist with getting patients to doctors appointment, planning meals, and offer support, which Mr. Yoder would benefit from all of those. Jon, Mr. Yoder’s son can also assist in educating and re-enforcing things to help Mr. Yoder remember what needs to be done, assisting him with his own accountability for his health. With the help of his son Jon, we can give him other people to help be accountable for his healthcare. To measure Mr. Yoder’s goals we can look at obtaining the number of times each week that he is able to leave the house or have assistance come in.

The Perception of Fear Essay examples - 2300 Words

Fear is created by your perspective of a situation, object or topic. You fear something based on the way you perceive it, evaluating whether it as a threat to you or not. Once a fear is born it continues to shape your perspective intensifying the fear and guaranteeing that it will remain. When these perspectives become distorted the fear that drives them has the potential to take control over a person’s life. As the fear grows clear observation is limited and obsessive behavior can occur. Once a person’s perspective is controlled by their fear their quality of life diminishes which contributes to pessimism and a lack of social connections. In the article Seeing by feeling: Virtues, Skills, and Moral Perceptions one of†¦show more content†¦He felt detached from everything, his observations were a result of his perception â€Å"And further still at unearthly height†. Even time appeared distant to him â€Å"O luminary clock against the sky(Frost). Once a person with an intense fear is made to confront it panic can occur because their perception of the fear is danger, as seen in What can I do to Help Patients With Belonephobia. The individuals fear may be expressed somatically by rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, tremor, feeling faint or actually fainting, nausea, diaphoresis, and feelings of panic. A full- blown panic attack can occur if the individual believes escape is impossible (Muscari). Once a perspective is distorted it can cause a fear to be larger than life to the person experiencing it. The whole picture is replaced with bits and pieces of the truth which are in themselves are blown out of proportion. This building of a false perception gives rise to obsessive behavior. In the movie 1984 Winston’s fear is intensified because it is unknown: Because of the position in which O’Brian was standing Winston could not see what the thing was (Orwell 13). As Winston’s fear grows he personifies the rats increasing their power: an old grandfather of the sewer stood up, with his pink hands against the bars, andShow MoreRelatedFear Is The False Perception Of Reality900 Words   |  4 PagesFear My religious leader once said that fear is the false perception of reality. Meaning that it affects how one could think, and it ultimately affects how a person makes decisions which can then affect the person’s life. One of the challenges that I face in my life is being fearful. While fear does not totally consume my life it, does affect the way I think and execute things. If fear was not a challenge in my life I would be able to do and complete anything that I wanted without any hesitationRead MorePerception Of Fear Among Female Prisoners867 Words   |  4 PagesPerception of fear among female prisoners housed in a maximum-security prison Operational definition of fear- The synonyms of fear is terror or horror. 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In this author’s experience as a classroom teacher, approximately half of all the parents whose child was identified as special needs resisted or delayed their child’s participation in services or special education because of their perceptions towards special education. It is necessary to understand what contributes to the perceptions in order to pro vide parentsRead MoreEssay about False Perception of Equality in Society1262 Words   |  6 Pagesequality and is fugitive of the United States Handicapper General. The conflict between the United States Handicapper General and the Bergeron family helps to establish and develop the theme of a false perception of equality. George and Hazel Bergeron help to establish the theme of the false perception of equality in the society: â€Å"George, while his intelligence was way above normal, had a little mental handicap radio in his ear† (1200). The handicap radio sends sharp noises ever few minutes to breakRead MoreMonsters and The Moral Imagination by Stephen Asma1091 Words   |  5 Pagesa ghoul in the midst of a cold nightly stroll or a mass genocide, monsters are lurking everywhere and our perception of what monsters truly are, is enhancing their growth as a force with which to be reckoned. Fear of the unknown is seen throughout time, but as humans progress we are finding that things we once were afraid of we are less frightening than they once were. Monsters can evoke fear in their targeted victims rather than physically harm their victims. For instance, every year a new horror

Minds Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Minds Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open Argumentative Essay You will agree that life dishes out different kinds of challenges to different people. Everyone has to face difficulties, problems, setbacks at some point or the other. My life appeared to be one long-drawn out struggle, Like most people, every time faced yet another problem that sapped my patience and forbearance, I asked myself in despair: Why me? Why cant life ever be smooth and hassle-free? These questions seemed to have no answers. Being a religious person in the traditional sense of the word, concluded that God was unhappy with me. So I made every effort to please Him. But I got no response. Was I dialing a wrong number? As time passed, began to lose faith in someone who could not answer my questions and lead me to a more meaningful life. Resolved to find the answer myself. To set my mind at rest, became a seeker. Life is a test In the course of my journey as a seeker, discovered the Creation Plan of God. According to the plan, life is a test and its many problems are part of that test. Once the test comes to an end marked by death, we are either rewarded or punished, in accordance with our deeds. This world is like an examination hall where a student, with all the freedom to write whatever he wants, takes tests, It is only the result which determines his future. The student is made to confront pleasant and unpleasant situations -? a meant only to test him. His response determines the life to come, This avgas a logic to which my mind yielded without questioning. Everything fell into place. In the framework based on this ideology, discovered that all phenomena Of life were well-explained. TO an explanation-seeking entity called an, only true reasoning can initiate him into the process that will eventually help him to discover his Creator. God is generous desired little, but God gave me much; for what can be greater in this world than a satisfied mind? It is said, Ask God not for a specific thing but pray to Him to bestow upon you what He deems best. It is possible that while you might be praying for a small car, God may voguish to bless you with a luxury vehicle such as a Rolls Royce! Looking back, I van to thank God for having granted me the ability to understand and acknowledge the answers that were presented to me. Eave come to realize that you become receptive to the Wisdom Of life only when you free yourself of biases. If you are unable to shed your bias, you become a trafficker. It is important to live with an open heart and mind, so that you can think beyond your conditioning and discard inhibition and fear. When you discover the meaning of life, God Himself un dergoes a transformation. This metamorphosis develops your personality and helps you to grow spiritually. It also helps you achieve material success.

Mikayla Clements Essays (806 words) - Forced Migration, Demography

Mikayla Clements Symposium Response On September 21, 2016 I attended two sessions at the 2016 Symposium. The theme this year was America and the Middle East. I thought that this was a very fitting topic for recent events that have taken place in America and the stigma that surrounds people from the Middle East. I feel like it is very important that we are informed and educated about such a controversial topic right now in America. The first session that I attended was " Local Voices". This session held a panel of speakers that were from our local community to advocate for refugees. I gained a lot of insight from this session, I did not realize how many people were advocating for refugees in the Fargo/Moorhead area. I was really intrigued by David Myers who spoke on the panel because he was advocating that refugees have a place to practice their religion. It gave me a new perspective, I was always focusing on how can we find them homes and a job, but I never thought about making sure refugees had a place to practice their religion. The panel talked mostly about their roles in helping refugees and Jessica Thomasson who works at the Lutheran Social Services talked about her work with the refugees and what their roles are. Jessica said that mostly their role is to provide resources for these people to make the transition as smooth as it can possibly be. Jessica brought up a point that our job is to m ake them feel like they are welcomed not just give them the resources and leave them. This gave me a perspective on what it would be like to work with refugees and immigrants as a social worker and I actually had some excitement about it. It seems like it would be very difficult yet a very rewarding experience and just hearing some of the stories that the panel shared about refugees that they have worked with and their successes in America makes me want to help be a part of that change. This session gave me an insight on the necessary steps it takes to help a refugee family and how much work is really put into helping people feel like America is their home. This is something that I could see myself doing as a professional social worker. The second session that I attended was "What's Your Story? Using Narrative to Foster Empathy". I thought that this session was very fitting for social work as social workers we need to know the feeling of empathy and be able to empathize. This session was actually very eye-opening. During this session it was explained that we all can empathize but sometimes we just do not practice it. So, an organization call Narrative4 has stepped up to create hope through empathy and then put empathy into action. So, what Narrative4 does is story exchange, you exchange your story with a partner and then you each tell each other's stories through first person. The idea of it seemed a bit weird to me at first to be honest but during the session they actually did story exchanges and we got to hear people's stories through their partners. It was inspiring a nd beautiful, the bond that is created between the two partners is sort of magical. I think this is a program that many social workers should go through because it helps build empathy and it also gives you experience on listening and stepping into someone else's shoes. I think Narrative4 can not only just help us with understanding refugees but also just understanding people in general and remembering that we are all human beings and we can all empathize. The article Refugees in the Arab Middle East: Academic and Policy Perspectives by Anita Fabos was not about America and the Middle East but about the refugees in the Middle East areas. This article explains how the Refugee studies in the Middle East are unabundant and that there is still a sort of sigma around refugees in different areas of the Middle East. This article shined the light on what is happening in the Middle East, I was not aware of

Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Essays

Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Essays Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Paper Theory of Spontaneous Origin and Biogenesis Paper INTRODUCTION Robert. C. Gallagher once said: â€Å"Change is inevitable- except from a vending machine. † â€Å"Change† is the word the practically governs our world today. Everything is slowly and gradually changing, new technologies and opportunities boosting everywhere. But the underlying question which we all wishfully choose to ignore is â€Å"All the changes happening is for good only? † Ellen Glasgow once said: â€Å"All change is not growth, as all movement is not forward. † Such are the changes going on in the world which are definitely not for good. They are changes like floods, famines, earthquakes and many more natural disasters. Now it feels as though our Mother Earth is mocking at us and trying to teach us an important lesson as though how does it feel if we were tortured. If we were inflicted upon pain the same way we did to her. In all one thought does occur to all of us that is the world really ending? Are we going back to where it all started? But one more question is to be asked and it is WHERE did all this start? WHERE did earth come from? HOW did the life originate? HOW did we come to life? Some of the truth and myths of this â€Å"ORIGIN OF LIFE† Is further discussed in this project. Theory of spontaneous origin Introduction Charles Darwins theory of evolution on the origin of life proposes that some four billion years ago, inanimate chemicals developed completely by chance into highly complex, living, single-celled organisms. This process of life coming from non-life is called spontaneous generation. According to the theory, a single-celled organism eventually evolved into all the complex life forms on earth in a relentless struggle for resources. Every evolutionary theory of life’s origins is based on spontaneous generation. The evolutionary development of life on earth is commonly depicted as an evolutionary tree. If life did arise spontaneously and then evolve into increasingly complex life forms, then spontaneous generation represents the trunk of that evolutionary tree and the branches are the various species that evolved from these earlier forms. If the origin of life cannot be shown to be plausible by the interaction of matter, random chance, energy and time then the existen ce of an evolutionary tree is a dubious proposition at best. Without a trunk there can be no tree. Without spontaneous generation there can be no evolution. First Call The notion that life could arise from inanimate, non-living matter is not a recent idea. During the dark ages, people speculated that rats and flies arose spontaneously from garbage because they mysteriously appeared when garbage was left out. Others had noticed that when meat and broths were left exposed they became covered with maggots and microorganisms. These observations led some to believe that these life forms arose suddenly and spontaneously from non-living, inanimate matter. Louis Pasteur entered the debate in 1862 when he published the results of his experiments on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in broths. Using glass flasks, Pasteur showed that previously boiled broths remained uncontaminated with microorganisms unless the neck of the flask was broken. Broken flasks quickly teemed with life as the broths became cloudy. He proved that microorganisms were transported through the air to the broth and not generated from the broth itself. The work of Pasteur seemingly ended the debate on the question of the sudden, spontaneous origin of life. By the end of the nineteenth century, the majority of scientists believed that spontaneous generation was not possible. Loyal Darwinists, however, insisted on spontaneous generation, recognizing that it was the foundation upon which evolutionary theory rests. Ernst Haeckel, one of the chief proponents of Darwinism, stated in 1876: If we do not accept the hypothesis of spontaneous generation, then at this one point in the history of evolution we must have recourse to the miracle of a supernatural creation. Reheated The spontaneous generation debate heated up again in 1924 when Russian biochemist, I. A. Oparin proposed that life had arisen from simpler molecules on the lifeless earth under much different atmospheric conditions than exist today. However, instead of life arising suddenly, as previous spontaneous generation theories proposed, Oparin believed that it occurred over a very long period of time. In 1929 English biologist J. B. S. Haldane published a paper in which he proposed that ultraviolet light, acting on a primitive atmosphere containing water, ammonia and methane produced oceans with the consistency of a hot dilute soup containing the building blocks of life. In the nineteenth century Ernst Haeckel argued that although spontaneous generation was not observable under the current conditions on earth, it did take place in the past under different chemical conditions. Oparin and Haldane made the first serious proposals regarding those conditions. In 1952 Harold Urey noted that most of the planets in our solar system, except earth, have an atmosphere which contains little or no free oxygen. Furthermore, Urey knew that the building blocks of life are quickly destroyed (oxidized) if they are exposed to an environment containing oxygen. Therefore, he concluded that spontaneous generation must have occurred on the early earth with an atmosphere consisting mainly of hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water vapor, but little or no molecular oxygen. Lightning, volcanic eruptions, sunlight, and deep oceanic volcanic vents are among the energy sources proposed to stimulate the necessary chemical reactions. It was presumed that the building blocks of life were made in the atmosphere and then gradually fell to earth eventually accumulating in the primeval ocean. Despite absolutely no geological evidence for the existence of this primeval soup the Oparin-Haldane-Urey theories became scientific dogma. These foundational assumptions have provided the framework for the modern theory of evolution for the last several decades. Another Atmosphere The atmospheric conditions proposed by Oparin, Haldane and Urey were radically different from what exists today. Because oxygen destroys the chemical building blocks of life, they speculated that the early earth had an oxygen-free atmosphere. However, in the last few decades, evidence has surfaced that has convinced most atmospheric scientists that the early atmosphere contained abundant oxygen. In the 1970’s Apollo 16 astronauts discovered that water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen gas in the upper atmosphere when it is bombarded by ultraviolet radiation. This process, called photo dissociation, is an efficient process which would have resulted in the production of large quantities of oxygen in a relatively short time. Studies by the astronauts revealed that this process is probably a major source of oxygen in our current atmosphere. The assumption of an oxygen-free atmosphere has also been rejected on theoretical grounds. The ozone layer around planet earth consists of a thin but critical blanket of oxygen gas in the upper atmosphere. This layer of oxygen gas blocks deadly levels of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Without oxygen in the early atmosphere, there could have been no ozone layer over the early earth. Without an ozone layer, all life on the surface of planet earth would face certain death from exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation. Furthermore, the chemical building blocks of proteins, RNA and DNA, would be quickly annihilated because ultraviolet radiation destroys their chemical bonds. It doesn’t matter if these newly formed building blocks are in the atmosphere, on dry ground, or under water. So evolutionists have a major dilemma. The chemical building blocks of life would be destroyed if oxygen was present, and they would be destroyed if it wasn’t! This catch 22 has been noted by evolutionist and molecular biologist Michael Denton: What we have then is a sort of ‘Catch 22’ situation. If we have oxygen we have no organic compounds, but if we don’t we have none either. Even if the building blocks of life could survive the effects of intense ultraviolet radiation and form life spontaneously, the survival of any subsequent life forms would be impossible in the presence of such heavy ultraviolet light. Ozone must be present to protect any surface life from the deadly effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Finally, the assumption that there was no oxygen in the early atmosphere is not borne out by the geologic evidence. Geologists have discovered evidence of abundant oxygen content in the oldest known rocks on earth. Again, Michael Denton: Ominously, for believers in the traditional organic soup scenario, there is no clear geochemical evidence to exclude the possibility that oxygen was present in the Earth’s atmosphere soon after the formation of its crust. All of this evidence supports the fact that there was abundant oxygen on the early earth. However, with or without oxygen, evolution is in a no-win situation. Spontaneous generation could not have occurred either with oxygen- or without it! Another Ocean During the last two decades, the notion of a primordial soup has not fared too well either. Studies of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation, and the dilutional effect of a large body of water, have convinced many scientists that the ocean could not have developed into the hot dilute soup that was envisioned by Darwin, Oparin, and Haldane. Oparin envisioned the production of cellular building blocks in the atmosphere as a result of lightning. Once produced, these chemicals would theoretically build up in the primordial oceans and combine to form the first living systems. However, it has been estimated that it would take up to two years for amino acids to fall from the atmosphere into the ocean. This is a huge problem because even small amounts of ultraviolet radiation would destroy the building blocks before they reached the oceans. Furthermore, as we saw earlier, lack of ozone would further expedite this destruction. A problem seldom noted by textbooks is that the chemical reactions that create the building blocks of life are reversible. That is, the same energy sources that cause the formation of the building blocks of life will also destroy those same building blocks unless they are removed from the environment where they were created. In fact, the building blocks of life are destroyed even more efficiently than they are created. These problems have convinced researchers that the idea of a primordial soup is quite unlikely. Michael Denton comments on the lack of evidence for the primordial soup: Rocks of great antiquity have been examined over the past two decades and in none of them has any trace of abiotically produced organic compounds been found†¦Considering the way the pre-biotic soup is referred to in so many discussions of the origin of life as an already established reality, it comes as something of a shock to realize that there is absolutely no positive evidence for its existence. Equilibrium There is one other hurdle that must be successfully cleared if the evolutionist’s scenario on the origin of life is to have credibility. This is the problem of chemical equilibrium. In any broth or solution, there is the tendency for the materials to become evenly distributed with time. This tendency is called the development of equilibrium. For example, if a drop of red dye is put into a container of water the dye particles gradually disperse throughout the solution until the entire solution turns a dilute red color. The larger the volume of the solvent (i. e. , the water in the dye example), the more dilute will be the solution once the dye particles have become evenly distributed. This dilutional effect is irreversibly tied to time. As time advances, the dye particles become evenly distributed until the solution reaches a state of chemical equilibrium. Again the chemical reactions leading to the formation of DNA and proteins are reversible. This means that the building blocks of DNA and proteins are broken off of the chain just as easily as they are added. Consequently, the building blocks of life, if they survived the effects of oxygen and UV radiation, would constantly be combining and coming apart in the primordial soup. This combining and coming apart of chemical building blocks proceeds until a state of equilibrium is reached. In the case of amino acids and nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and proteins will be predominantly unbounded when the solution is at equilibrium. Since the natural tendency for the building blocks of life is to disperse and remain un-bonded, the question evolutionists must answer is how did the building blocks of life become bonded and stay bonded in a primordial soup which is steadily progressing towards equilibrium? When confronted with the problem of equilibrium, most evolutionists will appeal to the magic ingredient of time. Nobel Laureate George Wald attempted to explain: Time is in fact the hero of the plot. Given so much time the impossible becomes possible, the possible probable, and the probable virtually certain. One has only to wait: Time itself performs the miracles. However, Dr. Blum, who is an evolutionist himself, points out that Wald’s faith in the miraculous ingredient of time is mere wishful thinking. Prolonged time periods, he asserts, actually worsen the dilemma: I think if I were rewriting this chapter [on the origin of life] completely, I should want to change the emphasis somewhat. I should want to play down still more the importance of the great amount of time available for highly improbable events to occur. One may take the view that the greater the time elapsed the greater should be the approach to equilibrium, the most probable state, and it seems that this ought to take precedence in our thinking over the idea that time provides the possibility for the occurrence of the highly improbable. According to Dr. Blum, the magic bullet of time does not increase the likelihood that chains of DNA or proteins will form by chance chemistry. In fact, increasing the time factor actually ensures that any primordial soup would consist of predominantly unbonded amino acids and nucleotides! The Odds During the last several decades a number of prestigious scientists have attempted to calculate the mathematical probability of the random-chance origin of life. The results of their calculations reveal the enormity of the dilemma faced by evolutionists. Dr. Blum estimated the probability of just a single protein arising spontaneously from a primordial soup. Equilibrium and the reversibility of biochemical reactions eventually led Blum to state: The spontaneous formation of a polypeptide of the size of the smallest known proteins seems beyond all probability. This calculation alone presents serious objection to the idea that all living matter and systems are descended from a single protein molecule which was formed as a ‘chance’ act. In the 1970’s British astronomer Sir Frederick Hoyle set out to calculate the mathematical probability of the spontaneous origin of life from a primordial soup environment. Applying the laws of chemistry, mathematical probability and thermodynamics, he calculated the odds of the spontaneous generation of the simplest known free 1 Consider this. The odds of winning a state lottery are about 1 chance in ten million. The odds of someone winning the state lottery every single week from age 18 to age 99 is 1 chance in 4. 6 x 1029,120. Therefore, the odds of winning the state lottery every week consecutively for eighty years is more likely than the spontaneous generation of just the proteins of an amoebae! A more detailed estimate for spontaneous generation has been made by Harold Morowitz, a Yale University physicist. Morowitz imagined a broth of living bacteria that was super-heated so that all the complex chemicals were broken down into their basic building blocks. After cooling the mixture, he concluded that the odds of a single bacterium re 2 In his book, Origins–A Skeptics Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth, Robert Shapiro gives a very realistic illustration of how one might estimate the odds of the spontaneous generation of life. Shapiro begins by allowing one billion years (5 x 1014 minutes) for spontaneous biogenesis. Next he notes that a simple bacterium can make a copy of itself in twenty minutes, but he assumes that the first life was much simpler. So he allows each trial assembly to last one minute, thus providing 5 x 1014 trial assemblies in 1 billion years to make a living bacterium. Next he allows the entire ocean to be used as the reaction chamber. If the entire ocean volume on planet earth were divided into reaction flasks the size of a bacterium we would have 1036 separate reaction flasks. He allows each reaction flask to be filled with all the necessary building blocks of life. Finally, each reaction chamber is allowed to proceed through one-minute trial assemblies for one billion years. The result is that there would be 1051 tries available in 1 billion years. According to Morowitz we need 10100,000,000,000 trial assemblies! Regarding the probabilities calculated by Morowitz, Robert Shapiro wrote: The improbability involved in generating even one bacterium is so large that it reduces all considerations of time and space to nothingness. Given such odds, the time until the black holes evaporate and the space to the ends of the universe would make no difference at all. If we were to wait, we would truly be waiting for a miracle. Regarding the origin of life, Francis Crick, winner of the Nobel Prize in biology, stated: An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going. Regarding the probability of spontaneous generation, Harvard University biochemist and Nobel Laureate, George Wald stated: One has to only contemplate the magnitude of this task to concede that the spontaneous generation of a living organism is impossible. Yet we are here–as a result, I believe, of spontaneous generation. In this incredibly twisted statement, we see that Wald’s dogmatic adherence to the evolutionist’s paradigm is independent of the evidence. Wald’s belief in the impossible can only be explained by faith: †¦the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. Despite these incredible odds and insurmountable problems, spontaneous generation is taught as a fact from grammar school to the university level. In fact, NASA reported to the press in 1991 their opinion that life arose spontaneously not once, but multiple times, because previous attempts were wiped out by cosmic catastrophes! Conclusion The overwhelming evidence is clear†¦spontaneous generation is an impossibility. It is a scientifically corrupt theory that, among other things, violates the Law of Biogenesis, which says that that life never arises except from life. Life simply cannot come from non-life. Since spontaneous generation is impossible, so then the foundation that evolution rests on has been shattered. Without spontaneous generation there can be no evolution. Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, however, there are those who continue to believe in evolution, and are therefore forced to accept and defend some form of spontaneous generation. The reason for this dogmatic adherence to spontaneous generation is eloquently pointed out by George Wald: When it comes to the origin of life there are only two possibilities: Creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation. We cannot accept that on philosophical grounds; therefore, we choose to believe the impossible: That life arose spontaneously by chance! According to Wald, it’s not about discovering the truth through the finding of fact, it’s not a matter of evidence, not a matter of science†¦it’s a matter of philosophy! Like George Wald, many people do not like the alternative: that all life on earth was created by God. So, as Wald said, they are willing to believe the impossible. Since the impossibility of spontaneous generation is a conclusion that leads to a supernatural creative act by God, it is a conclusion that many choose not to accept. It carries with it what are felt to be, in the present politically correct climate, undesirable philosophic and religious implications. It is for that unfortunate and illogical reason most scien tists continue to cling to the unscientific, disproved theory that life arose from non-life through spontaneous generation. Biogenesis is the law that living things come only from other living things, e. g. spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders. It may also refer to biochemical processes of production in living organisms. The biogenesis theory claims that all living things arise from living things. This theory of biogenesis is completely opposite from the spontaneous generation theory. In this article, we shall learn a bit about what is biogenesis theory. But before we go into the details of theory of biogenesis, let us understand the spontaneous theory of generation. Spontaneous Theory of Generation Long before 1900s, people believed that organisms could evolve from non living things. One of the early thinkers who believed that non-living things could spontaneously give rise to living things was Aristotle. For example, it was a common belief that logs gave rise to crocodiles, dirty sewers gave rise to rats, maggots came from dead bodies, wet soil lead to creation of toads, etc. This spontaneous theory of generation had a strong belief system among people over many centuries. What is Biogenesis Theory? An amateur microbiologist, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, observed small organisms in dirty water and some material he scrapped from his teeth. These organisms were called animalcules that we call as protozoans, today. This discovery took Europe by storm and scientists were thrilled to find these animalcules. The most pricking question in the minds of many was about the origin of these animalcules. This doubt had only one answer, spontaneous theory of generation. Over the years, many intelligent minds came up with theories that defied spontaneous generation theory. An Italian physician, Francesco Redi could prove in 1668 that life cannot evolve spontaneously. However, people who supported biogenesis did not think that Redis theory was applicable to microbes. Many other scientists continued their attempts to dissolve the pontaneous theory of generation. However, John Needham in 1745, added chicken broth to a flask and allowed it to cool. Then after few days, microbes did grow in the broth, and Needham proposed it a proof of spontaneous theory of generation. Needlam claimed that vital life is needed for spontaneous generation of animalcules. His claim was challenged by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1768, wh o repeated the experiment in a sealed container. He found there was no growth in the container. Then, in 1858, Rudolf Virchow, a scientist challenged the spontaneous generation theory by proposing the theory of biogenesis. He stated, living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells. This biogenesis theory partly explained the presence of animalcule under the microscope. However, without any concrete scientific evidence, Virchows biogenesis theory was not accepted by all. Louis Pasteur and Theory of Biogenesis Louis Pasteur was one of the most intelligent scientist of his time. He was the first to be able to prove the biogenesis theory. He proposed that the organisms that are not visible to the naked eye are present in air. However, he emphasized on the fact that air did not give rise to living things. He carried out an experiment that would dissolve the spontaneous theory of generation and prove the theory of biogenesis. In his experiment, Pasteur heated a number of short necked flasks that contained beef broth. After heating the flasks, he immediately sealed the mouths of some flasks and left a few unsealed. Then after a few days, microorganisms were observed in beef broth that was in flasks that were unsealed. The sealed flasks had no microorganisms present in the broth. This proved that the microorganisms were present in the air and could contaminate the beef broth without the seal. Now, to prove that air did not give rise to organisms, he demonstrated another experiment. He filled long-necked flasks with beef broth and the flasks were bent into S-shaped curves. These flasks were heated to kill any presence of life in the beef broth. Then he left the flasks as they were for a few days without sealing them. This way the air could reach the broth as it was not blocked. After a few days, Pasteur observed the beef broth and found no microorganisms in it. This showed that the air can access the broth, but the organisms are trapped in the S-shaped neck of the flask and thus are not able to reach it. You can read more on some interesting creation theories and learn about the human evolution. This simple and ingenious experiment was enough to break an age-old theory of spontaneous generation. The world could now understand the relevancy of biogenesis theory and that only a living thing can give rise to a living thing. Thus, the mystical belief of non living things giving rise to living things was shattered by a simple experiment by Louis Pasteur. In the end, the answer to the question what is biogenesis theory is that all living things will be created only from living things and no other process.