Dear Senator

Dear Senator I am a long-time resident of Idaho, and I am writing to express my concern about recent discussion and the pending decision to employ the Boulder White Cloud Wilderness Bill. I understand that the decision is being considered to enable the bill to be passed in the House of Representatives later this month. However, I do not believe that the benefits of the Wilderness Bill outweigh its inherent flaws. Consider: Wilderness areas are selected to serve as safe havens and homes to our nation’s wild species; they should not be treated as parcels of land to be purchased and used to build trophy homes for the wealthy. The further bias of the bill towards land use for motor vehicle recreation will disrupt the natural habitats of many animals, not to mention put people in harms way. Allowing the Bill to cater to ATV drivers, snowmobile enthusiasts and motorcyclists, will promote pollution, encourage greater numbers of vehicle accidents, and possibly lead to the deaths of unknowing victims that are attacked by large preditors in the territory. It would seem that providing acreage for an official Wilderness Area would create longstanding natural resources. However, consider that the Bill allows nearly 3,000 acres of land to be dispense, free of charge for local Idaho counties to develop any way they deem appropriate. Would an incinerator, oil refinery or chemical plant built on the very edge of wilderness be appropriate? As already mentioned the Bill would also allow the purchase of land in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area for the building of trophy homes. A Wilderness Area should be for wilderness, not a human resort with spackled areas of â€Å"rustic† wealthy dwellings. Lastly, I have heard that the state and local governments will have as much authority as the federal agencies to determine the process of fire hazard prevention within the boundaries of this area. If bulldozers and chainsaws enter into the picture unchecked, what will prevent entire forests from being razed? Are these tradeoffs that we really want to make? I am curious to know all of the details of this bill, rather than just the rumors I have read about and heard. I would also like to know your stance regarding the bill, and what actions you intend to take regarding its exploitation. I am looking forward to your response and insight on the matter. Sincerely, References: Barker, R. (2003, December 8). In Boulder-White Cloud mountains, another wilderness compromise. High Country News. Retrieved online June 21st, 2006, from http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=14429 Ekker, T. (2006, February 15). Devil in the details of Boulder-White Cloud Wilderness Proposal. Lowbagger. Retrieved online June 21st, 2006, from http://lowbagger.org/boulderwhitecloud.html Stahl, G. (2004, June 23). Boulder-White Cloud plan scrutinized. Idaho Mountain Express. Retrieved online June 21st, 2006, from http://www.mtexpress.com/2004/04-06-23/04-06-23wildcriticism.htm   

Chief Justice Earl Warren Essay

President Dwight Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as the fourteenth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1953. Warren had been the governor of California twice and was also on the republican ticket for Vice President under Thomas Dewey. It was assumed that Warren would pickup where his successor Fred Vinson left off as a conservative member of the Supreme Court, but instead Warren positioned himself as a liberal. When Warren took over as Chief Justice, justices who aligned with judicial activism and those who were in favor of judicial restraint divided the Supreme Court. One of Warren’s goals was to renew the Supreme Courts role in defending individual rights. Warren presided over several civil rights landmark cases including Brown vs. Board of Education I and II, which would spark the great civil rights movement. Warren also presided over cases such as McGowan vs. Maryland and also Tropp vs. Dulles. In Brown vs. the Board of Education, Warren was greatly criticized for not appealing to the precedent (Plessy vs. Ferguson), and rather relying on common sense and fairness. In Chief Justices Warren’s dissenting opinion of Brown vs. Board of Education I, he stated † Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments . †¦ To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community.. .that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone.† His final statement emphasized that separate but equal facilities are inherently unequal, and also that such a doctrine deprived the plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The unanimous decision uncoiled previous twists of the Constitution that focused solely on the belief that â€Å"separate but equal facilities did not imply any type of racial inferiority. In 1966 Warren and his court had another major decision to deal with, â€Å"Miranda v. State of Arizona.† The case dealt with criminal suspects and their rights. The court’s decision was that criminal suspects had to be informed of their  rights before questioning. Warren and the Supreme Court also ruled decisions dealing with legislative apportionment, the basic rights of citizenship, and limitation of the use of libel laws. Again, Warren received both criticism and praise as a result of his judicial performances. After such landmark cases, Warren’s leadership in these cases became a political institution known as † The Warren Court†, with a heavy emphasis on equality and civil rights. The Warren Court used judicial activism and judicial review to interpret the authority and infallibility of the Supreme Court to promote the importance of individual rights. If those individual rights were seen as infringed, the case was likely to be overturned. Warren presided over Brown v. Louisiana 1966, a case where a black student was arrested for protesting a segregated library. Again the Warren Court looked to the 14th Amendments guaranteeing the freedom of speech and assembly, ruling that these rights are not confined to verbal expression. In another case the Warren Court ruled on Yates v. United States 1956. In this case the court overturned the convictions of Communist leaders under the Smith Act. Under the Smith Act any person could be arrested and jailed for advocating the violent over throw of the United States government. The Court ruled that the Smith Act violated the defendants First Amendment rights. In short, the Warren court supplemented one of the most notable movements in the history of the United States, Warren’s emphasis on individual rights and equality were stepping stones for Civil Rights activists, basically giving them protection under the Constitution.

The American Experience Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The American Experience - Term Paper Example Thus, there were some forms in the eighteenth-century writing that did not conform to the general notions about genres and other forms. There were many interesting themes which could be found in the text of Letters from an American Farmer. The features included the nature of an American character such as their work ethic, the duties of an individual, anti-intellectualism, the farmer seen as a prototype representing the American character, the treatment of the slaves, the way of viewing new immigrants together with their ethnicity, literary resonances that showed the escape from the civilization as in Letter XII and stereotypical nature of the American characters. The Letter was divided into twelve sections that depict the way American soil, its life, slavery, and culture was perceived by Crevec?ur. He was probably the first writer who described Europeans by employing different American English terms. He emphasized the life seen on the American frontier and tried to explore the idea b ehind the so-called American Dream. In his writings, he portrayed American society to be characterized by the principles stressing on the equal opportunity as well as self-determination. His work was successful in providing a lot of useful information together with an understanding of the presumed "New World" which helped in creating utopian American identity (Crevecoeur xi). This was done for the prevailing European minds by describing the area as an entire country and not just another regional colony. The writing in The Letters celebrated the American ingenuity and its uncomplicated lifestyle. It was written to describe the inclusion and the acceptance of religious dynamics in a society that was created from several varieties of ethnic as well as cultural backgrounds. The letters that were written by him depicted the rural life of America. He introduced the cultivation of several European crops, notably the alfalfa, in the American country and the American potato in Normandy. He t ried to understand America from the purview of a farmer. He tried to find the answer to the question what actually consisted of American, this new American man. â€Å"He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds† (Crevecoeur 54). â€Å"The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must, therefore, entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. --This is an American† (Crevecoeur 56) Literary analysis Crevecoeur in his letters portrayed his love for nature from the perspective of a farmer. His respect towards nature and his compassion towards all living beings are obvious and is the principal backdrop of all his letters. Crevecoeur feels that man and natur e are interlinked, and without the right balance in nature, man cannot survive. Similarly, man’s compassion and caring attitude can preserve the sanctity of nature. He also feels that Americans do not display their compassion towards nature in the way that is needed.  

Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic - Essay Example Prior to the transition to the Turkish Republic, the old Ottoman Empire embarked on a series of reforms to â€Å"save† the old Ottoman Empire through the efforts of Selim III, Mahmud II, Abdulaziz and Abdulhamit II that hoped to reverse its decline. These men were called the Men of Tanzimat or men of reform in their effort to reverse the decline of the old Ottoman Empire. The efforts to reform the old Ottoman Empire that hoped to reverse its decline included military reform during the time of Selim to improving the educational system and bureaucratic reform in the hope of restoring the glory of the empire. When these reform efforts still failed, the last Ottoman caliph Abdulhammit II resorted to an autocratic rule and adopted religious ideology in his hope to unify and reverse the decline of the old Ottoman Empire. But instead of reversing the decline, Abdulhammit II instead set the conditions for the inevitable fall of the old Ottoman Empire with his lavish lifestyle that dra gged the empire into bankruptcy and was eventually deposed in 1909. The final nail on the coffin of the old empire’s demise was when the old Ottoman Empire sided with Germany in the First World War where the country was divided into pieces to become Turkey that it is today. This change to a Republic political life was not a conscious choice of the old Ottoman Empire as it always struggles to maintain the caliphate political system embarking on a series of reform from rehabilitating its military to improving its educational system and bureaucracy but it was already too late. Not even the adoption of a western concept of a Constitution saved the empire from disintegration. In sum, the old Ottoman Empire was forced by both by internal (bankruptcy, ineffective bureaucracy) and external (siding with Germany who lost in the First World War I) circumstances to change and adapt with the modern world.   The strong western ideology had also influenced the old empire to adapt to moder nity and along with it, is the abandonment of caliphate political system and autocratic form of government to constitution based republic form of government.   Despite these changes in Turkey’s political life and structure, the old traces of the former Ottoman ideology can still be found in modern Turkey.   Among this Ottoman ideology that remained in Turkey and in the Middle East is the strong sense of Islamic nationalism which used to bind and unify Turkey before.   Its sense of the greatness of being a great empire did not diminish with present Turkey as it is considered as one of the progressive countries in the Middle East and in the world albeit it is only a fraction of its former might when the former Ottoman Empire was at its height.      

Coaching skill education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Coaching skill education - Essay Example Scientists are of the view that this kind of training is good for the athletic sports as opposed to sports like table tennis, gymnastics, and figure skating which are considered early specialization sports. These early specialization sports take short number of years to fully develop competitor to join the elite competition. They therefore do not require as much number of years to prepare as for the athletic training (Bar-or, 2006). This stage as the name suggests is the fun stage. The athlete, or would be athlete, is meant to have fun as they learn the basic moves required in the sports. This stage is best suited for the ages of 6-9 for males and 6-8 for females. It is important to note the basic skills practiced here are not the sport specific yet but are just general body movement skills. This is to ensure the athlete is all round developed and grows with sporting without difficulty (Bloom, 2004). The emphasis is therefore to build basic motor skills. These will help produce an athlete with skills that are trainable in regards to the specific sport. There are three stages involve in the fundamental stage of skill development. These three stages can be categorized as: initial stage which takes (2-3 years), elementary stage which takes (4–5 years) and mature stage which takes (6–7 years). At the end of the FUNdamental stage, the athlete should have the basic sport skills such as speed, good balance, and agility. Strength training at this stage should include using the child’s weight another important aspect also is the introduction of the child to the ethics of sports. It is important that the child learn sports basics from the tender age (Ericsson & Charnesss, 1994). At this stage, the athlete is to learn all fundamental sports skills. The main objective of this stage is to further the skills learnt at the first stage. The motor skills are advanced and the child

Overview of The Republican Theory Research Paper

Overview of The Republican Theory - Research Paper Example The Republican idea of freedom encompasses negative liberty, which in essence, roughly encompasses no interference by other individuals or even at least any interference that may be deemed to have been negligent, sufficiently intentional, indifferent or reckless to count as culpable or blameworthy. The notion of a republican liberty can thus be seen to be negative as is the case with the standard liberal idea. The way republicans perceive freedom has roots which can be traced back to the day of the Roman republic. According to the Romans, the simple fact of one not suffering any interference did not warrant to be considered as liberty, they argued that one could in effect be a slave without any master whatsoever, but still be viewed as not being free. According to the Romans, being free was to be of equal or even full party to the Roman law, a free person was an individual who happened to be protected in the same respect as all other persons by the Roman law and in effect was considered to be wholly incorporated as a citizen into the Roman body politic (Braithwaite & Pettit, 2002). Under the republican theory, a person could be considered to fully enjoy negative liberty if the person happens to be exempted from all the constraints that may happen to be imposed by the blameworthy or intentional actions of others in choosing specific given options. These options may include things such as hobbies which he is able to perform with his own intelligence and strength, in effect, these options are those things that the person is capable of doing without any benefit from any unique circumstances or from any of his colleagues. An individual may be said to enjoy full dominion if the person happens to enjoy the same prospects of liberty as all the other citizens, if it is common knowledge to all that the person enjoys this

The role of innocence in the exoneration process Essay

The role of innocence in the exoneration process - Essay Example However, this is not always to be, and there is always the likelihood that an innocent person is convicted2. This paper attempts to explain ways that people wrongly convicted get proof of their innocence. The causes of wrong convictions are wide ranging and comprise all features of the pre-trial and trial stages of the criminal justice process ranging from false allegations, incompetent police investigation, police misconduct, erroneous forensic science and evidence, and poor representation from criminal defense lawyers. Once an alleged victim of an unjust conviction has lost their appeal, there is a slight opportunity that the courts will be in a position to stop the conviction3. In these cases, victims of wrongful convictions are likely to have exhausted the legal aid unit and it will be up to them, their friends, supporters, families, pro-bono lawyers and voluntary groups to uncover the evidence of innocence and present it to the relevant authorities such as the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC). 2Investigating a suspected wrongful conviction is a long and challenging process. Cases of high profile injustices like the Cardiff Newsagent Three and Sean Hodgson show that it can take several years of investigation before the evidence that leads to the quashing of the conviction is found4. Many projects that attempt to exonerate innocent people out of prison have come up. One such project is the Innocence Network project founded in 1992 whose principle objective is to get as many innocent people out of prison as possible and turn the experience of these people into a learning experience that could help repair the systematic failings in the criminal justic e system5. The project exonerates people by use of post-conviction DNA where the DNA from the crime scene is tested against the DNA of the accused. Often, people wrongly convicted of serious crimes like homicide or abuse has

Emotional intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emotional intelligence - Essay Example Rationale for support of emotional intelligent First, before taking side with any of the sides, it is important to understand what EI entails. Stein, et al (7) argued that EI entails an individual being in a position to perceive, evaluate and control emotions. In this regard, EI could be termed as a potential tool in any work place that can be used to assess or predict management performance. This is arguably true because in any work place, it is obvious that employees would be confronted by different situations that would require application of EI in order to be able to solve them. For instance, in the course of performing their duties, employees may find themselves in conflict with their employers, fellow employees or customers. In such a situation, employees are supposed to apply EI principles in order to overcome such conflicts in a professional manner. EI helps people to accurately perceive emotions (Druskat, et al 3). For instance, an employee should be in a position to accurat ely understand signs of an angry employer through various means such as body language and other nonverbal signs. In addition, employees can use EI in using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive thinking. This helps them to garner appropriate measure to use in order to handle the situation at hand in a professional manner. ... This is important especially when dealing with employers, fellow employees or even the customers. Some employers may use EI to assess whether an employee can be able to perform in a stressful position within the organization. This can be applied especially when employers are seeking new persons to fill vacant positions or during promotion of the already existing employees (Stein, et al 7). If an employee has been in constant fights with colleagues and probably not been able to control his emotions, it is apparent that the employer would find it not suitable to offer such an employee a certain position that require soberness when dealing with customers and other employees (Cherniss 3). In another dimension, EI has been argued to play a critical role in motivating employees. When EI is known to be an evaluative tool within an organization, employees tend to carry themselves in a professional manner in order to please their bosses and improve on their performance. In this regard, it can be argued that EI can be used as a tool that can make employees excel in their work. However, opponents of EI may argue that EI can lock out potential employees from putting their skills in practice. Nevertheless, it should be noted that although many employees have intellectual intelligent (IQ), it is not enough to make them good employees. In order for an organization to maintain competitive advantage especially in a highly competitive market, it is necessary to have a work force well equipped with both IQ and EI. This argument is correct because, for example, an excellent student with unbeatable IQ would require having EI in order to mange stress and emotions when sitting for exams. This is what would

Syllabus critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Syllabus critique - Assignment Example A syllabus is a contract, which is written between a teacher and students. A good syllabus meet specific objectives, it has important components and answers critical questions. Nonetheless, few syllabi fulfill all these functions well. A focused and brief syllabus is the best. It should communicate the nature of the course to the students clearly and understandable manner. When the students understand the procedures and purpose of the course, they are more likely to enjoy the learning process. It is very important that all teachers follow the policies and needs set in their syllabi. They should not forget the whole parts of the contract. As the students are required to abide by the procedures and rules spelled out in the syllabus, the teacher is also agreeing to follow the same. A detailed syllabus will make the expectation clear to all parties. A teacher should organize to discuss the syllabus fully during the first class meeting. This requires fast distribution the syllabi to all t he students. Teachers should meet the deadlines of teaching. they should provide the requirements of the syllabus promptly if they require their students to be prompt. Strategies When planning the syllabus, one should consider the following strategies: basic identifying information, information about t6he instructor, texts and other materials, course description, objectives, description and requirements, course calendar, grading procedures and scaling Basic Identifying Information The basic information to identify includes the institution, course title, year, the semester, and time of class and location of class meetings. It should also include benefits earned for completing the course successfully. The title and the name of the instructor should also be included. The office telephone number, location, working hours, and mailing address are important if students can communicate with the teacher. Textbooks and Other Materials The syllabus should specify the authors, titles, editions, and sometimes publishers of the texts. It is important to specify the location for acquiring these materials. The location of library, bookstore, computer laboratory, and personal offices should be clear. It is essential to know the requirements and conditions for obtaining these materials. Course Description The course description is given directly by the institution. It must include a short and clear description of the knowledge, skills, major topics to be covered and any special opportunities and prerequisites obtained. Course Objectives The course objectives are very important because it should emphasize on the evaluation of learners outcome. The syllabus should clearly state the objective of the course. Objectives can be affective, behavioral, or cognitive. A well-set instructional objective provides a layout for instructional approach communicates instructional intent and gives guidelines for evaluating students. Course Requirements This explains exactly what learners are exp ected to do in the course. It includes a brief description of the assessments administered, and the paper written. Course Calendar It contains the dates of specific lesson topics, exams, reading assignments, and deadlines for projects and other papers. Any change s to the syllabus calendar should be provided to learners in writing. Grading Procedures and Scales The syllabus should provide clear criteria and procedures for assessing students’ performance and grade assignment. Regulations regarding extra credit, deadlines, and penalties for late work should be stipulated. It should include academic policy with explanations of these concepts in its literature. A good syllabus enables teachers to share their pedagogical ideas with their students. It tells the students how their teachers view the learning process, whether passive or active. How they emphasize skill building, knowledge enhancement or the combination of both. The syllabus shows how the course is organized from simpl e to complex. It should have

How Does Willy Russell Create Mood Essay Example for Free

How Does Willy Russell Create Mood Essay In the Summer Sequence Willy Russell’s three main protagonists are shown to grow up from the ages of 15 to 18, thus becoming adults throughout the song. This means that the sequence acts as a watershed in the respect that it marks a major turning point in the play. This is shown through the atmosphere that Russell creates, which goes from fairly positive, hopeful tone to a more cynical and desperate one over the duration of the sequence. Russell uses several techniques to create these atmospheres throughout. In the opening of the Summer Sequence the atmosphere is clearly a happy one, which is shown by Russell by using words like â€Å"young, free and innocent† to describe the characters. In this section, the word â€Å"innocent† is used twice. This repetition emphasises their youth and their naivety. â€Å"You haven’t got a care†, suggests Russell is trying to create an image of the characters as being without concern, completely free of worry so it reinforces the absolute happiness of the characters. Another adjective that occurs later in the song is â€Å"immortal† which at this stage of the play creates an atmosphere of excitement and spontaneity because the children can’t conceive of an end to their current lives. A technique that Russell uses starts to use here is imagery, â€Å"street’s turned to paradise†, the word â€Å"paradise† bring to mind an idea of secure and complete happiness, which is how he describes them in this verse. Another technique is personification, â€Å"radio’s singing dreams†, giving the radio the ability to do something that brings happiness or joy. This line also works the first time the motif of dreams appears, one that recurs throughout the sequence. The next notable part of the sequence is entirely stage directions, and shows the characters at a fairground. In this part of the sequence the most obvious technique is foreshadowing and motifs arising. In it, Linda is just ignored by the narrator, who is running the stall, when giving the gun to them, but the boys both insist Linda fires it, which is reminiscent of the beginning of the play when Linda takes the airgun from Mickey and beats him at firing at cans. Linda also used to control their social situations, â€Å"let’s throw some stones through them windows†. This scene is also very reliant on the gun motif that runs through the entire play which creates a darker and more sinister atmosphere, and that suggests a level of violence. The fairground scene is also reflected in the musical choice, which is fairground-like music that plays to the tune of ‘Tell me it’s not true’, the song Mrs Johnstone sings at the very beginning of the play while her two sons lie dead on the stage. So, again this ties in with the audiences’ awareness of the boys’ tragic fate, thus, creating a foreshadowing atmosphere and suggests impending tragedy. This links with the gun motif, as together these themes create a sense of impending violence and death. The last line of this section of stage directions is â€Å"Linda is caught in the middle, the game freezes†. This creates a dark atmosphere as throughout the play Linda is always seen to be caught in between the two boys, but so far, it has never ended badly. In this instance, however, it foreshadows the fates of all three characters. The use of the word â€Å"game†, referring to a game of piggy-in-the-middle, could suggest that the context of the play when Linda gets caught up in her own happiness which eventually leads to the tragic fate of the twins. Overall, this section is of a darker tone than the last, but this atmosphere is created through the subtext, so the audience may not be fully aware of why they feel this way about the atmosphere. This is featured through the presence of the narrator, who throughout the play appears on stage to signify or prompt something negative to happen. He hands them the gun, and prompts the game of piggy-in-the-middle that Linda gets caught between. The next section uses metaphors to create a dark, impending atmosphere, that is more openly sinister that the previous section. Russell refers to the characters are â€Å"Lambs in spring†, which suggests not only their innocence and naivety, but an inevitable fate, specifically one that is forced upon them, not of their own doing. This explicitly refers to the brothers’ fate in a way in which the last section didn’t, so the tone is far more marred by the eventuality of their deaths. This date is also referenced when Russell extends the metaphor, â€Å"fate the later seasons bring†, which causes the audience to remember the scene at the very beginning of the play, preventing them from being drawn into the initial happiness of the three teenagers in this sequence. Again, it refers to Linda being caught in the middle of the pair, foreshadowing their final argument. It also refers to Linda paying a â€Å"price†, a theme that was initially shown in the song ‘Easy Terms’, sung by Mrs Johnstone, and in both cases foreshadows the price they’ll have to pay for their involvement in the twins’ lives. The music becomes far more serious and sinister, a repetitive tense note with no actual melody. In the next section a recurring theme is shown with the references to time. This creates a sad, melancholic atmosphere, as the audience is aware of the character’s significant lack of time together, but the characters are not, so their happy unawareness and this dramatic irony is slightly poignant. Again, fate is reference by the narrator â€Å"care not for what’s at the end of the day†, again forcing the audience to remember the fate of the boys, this enhances the melancholy mood of the section. â€Å"What is to come, what might have been†, references both the eventualities of the play, whilst also suggesting they could have been happy, that it could have they could have been happier, depressing the mood even further. It is made poignant by the characters’ blissful ignorance, â€Å"life has no ending†¦Talk away the night†, which ties in with the earlier references of immorality. Again, this dramatic irony, where the audience know that the boys’ lives do have endings that are fast approaching, almost makes the audience beg them to not waste their time talking â€Å"away the night†. â€Å"Share your last cigarette† also ties into the earlier scene where Mickey and Eddie share things, such as sweets and later cigarettes, they promise to share things in their blood brothers pact; but they cannot share Linda. Arguably the downfall of both brothers, meaning that this watershed’s atmosphere is wholly dark. In the next section it is all stage directions, but Russell uses foreshadowing and the use of the narrator’s presence to create a seemingly happy atmosphere that still foreshadows tragedy. In it, the trip are taking photos of each other at the beach. In the one between Eddie and Linda, Eddie down on one knee and demonstrating affections by kissing her hand. Throughout the play, Linda has shaped Eddie’s personality and actions, such as coercing him to throw rocks, and Eddie has appeared to like her from the very beginning and so this foreshadows the dynamics of their later relationship. Mickey and Linda’s photo does the same, as Mickey â€Å"pulls a distorted face†, and Linda chastening him for it, which foreshadows Mickey’s later dependency on medication, and Linda’s efforts to help him get off them. This foreshadowing of tragic events, in a way that appears innocent creates an  eerie, disconcerting atmosphere. As there are no words, it can’t openly reference what’s to come, but uses what the characters think is a harmless and happy moment. This is compounded by the musical choice, which is again ‘Tell me it’s not true’, as fairground music. Again, this foreshadows the final scene, creating a foreboding atmosphere without explicit reference as to why it appears that way. In this scene we see the characters taking pictures of them at the beach, these photos are memories of the last time the three of them are all truly happy. Therefore, the photographs signify the end of their childhood and innocence and dreams. This made clearer by the narrator being the one to take the photographs, thus being the one who signifies the end of their childhoods and lives. The children literally become adults at the end of the beach scene in the Summer Sequence, as well as metaphorically. Because the narrator is a sinister figure throughout the play, and usually is there to prompt the occurrence of something tragic, it creates a sense of impending tragedy even more obvious in this scene. The picture that the narrator takes is of them all together, happy, so he not only brings their childhood to a close, but also their happiness and friendship. In a sense, he symbolises reality as he intrudes on their happiness, despite their ignorance and the audience’s desire for him not to do so. He also represents society as it is eventually social constraints of class and wealth that divide the two. This way the audience are forced to see the society that they are part of and this is the factor that brings the story to an end. The fact that he appears to them as a friendly, even helpful, face increases the audience’s wariness of him and therefore the sinister nature of the scene. The overriding atmosphere of the scene is the last section is one of desperation and uncertainty. Russell uses metaphors such as â€Å"broken bottles in the sand† to symbolise a man-made impression on something naive and happy, which symbolises the characters’ friendship and how it is affected by class. The motif of a dream is repeated, as is the theme of innocence. The references to dreams ties in with the song tell me it’s not true, which refers to dreams. The reference to innocence here again makes the trio seem devious to the fact that they will be subject to tragedy.

Benefits of Therapeutic Education (TE)

Benefits of Therapeutic Education (TE) The WHO states that â€Å"‘‘the aim of therapeutic education (TE) is to teach the patient the adequate know-how. The patient’s TE is a permanent process, which is part of medical care. It includes sensitization, information, learning and psychosocial support, which are all related to the pathology and its treatments. The education should allow the patient and his family to have a better collaboration with the health care professionals’’ Therefore, TE aids patients with chronic conditions to have better understanding of their disease and learn how to manage it. The main goal of TE is to improve the prognosis of the diseases and that can be achieved by reducing both morbidity and complications. Other objective of TE is regarding public health cost. TE offers patients with OA better self-management as a result it reduces medical care attention and because of lesser help from the medical care it reduces the direct and indirect cost. Further studies are needed regarding on the impact of TE in medical cost. The Haute Autorite ´ de sante ´ (HAS) in France have outlined the overall and specific goals of TE. Improving the patients’ health and patients’ families’ way of living is the general goal of TE. Patients’ achievement and maintenance of self-care competency or the ability to cope with competency depending on background and experience are the specific goals of TE. TE programs should consider data from evidence-based medicine, as well as recommendations from evidence-based practice. The HAS focuses on the important role of the patients in the implementation of the education activity, the demand for a multidisciplinary team to lead the program, and the need to assess the quality and efficacy of these programs. Educational programs for OA include the  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­diseases chronic nature, treatment involving pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy, and lifestyle modification. The educational process must start at the first med ical visit, from the diagnosis, and continue after surgical therapy, with rehabilitation being the best time to begin self-care program. PKQ-OA a questionnaire specifically for OA patient knowledge has been used to assess patients knowledge regarding their condition. When the authors asses the questionnaire, they have found out that there is a wide range of knowledge levels among patients diagnosed with OA, the scores are ranging from 8 to 26 out of 30.Knowledge was not correlated with disease duration or patient’s age or sex; however, the number of years spent in formal education was correlated with high test scores. Most patients know the symptoms of their condition but many methods of joint protection and energy conservation have been reported. Wrong beliefs were identified and common ones are ‘‘OA is caused by cold damp weather’’ and ‘‘blood tests are useful in OA diagnosis’’. Poor knowledge about analgesic were dentified: Avoidance of activity has been related to musculoskeletal disorders. Fear and anxiety may both contribute to the fear-avoidance model in musculoskeletal disorders. A patient’s interpretation of pain may lead to either of the two: An adaptive response, whereby the patient deals with the pain and is more likely to manage it and maintain daily activities that will help achieve functional recovery; A non-adaptive response that leads to maladaptive behaviors, including pain-related fear, avoidance, and hypervigilance. Because of pain patients with musculoskeletal disorders tends to avoid activities for the fear of experiencing it. Now that the patient is avoiding or abstaining from physical activities, this will lead to further disability through unfavorable effects of physical inactivity and weakening of the musculoskeletal system. TE should be included in the management of OA according to European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI), and The French College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER). EULAR concern patient’s education, physical exercise, technical aids and diet, but do not supply sufficient information regarding non-pharmacological therapies. OARSI insist on the importance of educating patients with hip or knee OA and stating the areas that TE must be stress to patients. Explaining the goals of treatment and the importance of changing lifestyle, such as the importance of exercise, activity adaptations, weight loss and other measures to help the joint(s) are the areas involve in the education. SOFMER highlight the need for educational programs that is design to encourage daily practice of an exercise activity. With these recommendations sufficient details must be supplied for these measures to be implemented, especially patientâ₠¬â„¢s education. The recommendations created by US National Institute of Health regarding weight loss in OA are commonly used for obesity treatment in TE because no specific recommendation exists for TE regarding weight loss in OA. According to the literature and international recommendation TE should be included in OA management. The main goal of the education is to change patient’s lifestyle especially regarding physical activity and weight loss. Education must be started from the early stage of OA, as well as the pre- and postoperative periods. Further studies are required to create a better effective educational program for OA, it is either unaided or with the help of other therapies, and measure its cost-effectiveness. Reference: Coudeyre, E., Sanchez, K., Rannou, F., Poiraudeau, S., Lefevre-Colau, M.-M. (2010) Impact of self-care programs for lower limb osteoarthritis and influence of patients’ beliefs. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 53, 434–450 Self-management aid interventions that can help patient with OA improve their quality of life. One way to offer self-management to patient with OA is through telephone-based OA management program. In this study conducted by Sperber et. al. the program offers 4 components: phone calls, educational material, setting goals and action plans. Among all the participants more than 80% agreed that each component was helpful and the average rating of overall helpfulness on a scale from 1 to 10 was 7.6. Participants of these program said that this intervention and each components is helpful in managing osteoarthritis. Participants most frequently mentioned the health educator’s calls (44 of 140, 31%) as the most helpful component of the intervention. The health educators’ phone call aided patients to stay on task with the educational materials and goal setting. With the phone call patients have ease discussing their condition with someone who has knowledge and understand their condition. Also the calls provided them educational benefit by teaching and clarifying information. Educational materials (written and audio) (20 of 140, 14%) provided patients with information regarding OA and ways how to manage OA better. Audio cassette and easy-to-read references are helpful and with these materials combined with the phone call it will be more helpful for patients with OA. Goalsetting (11 of 140, 8%), setting goal were helpful and and with the consistent phone calls participants takes active role in managing their condition. Participants also commonly said that exercise (42 of 140, 30%) and healthy eating and weight management (20 of 140, 14%) are helpful for managing their osteoarthritis symptoms because implementing these behaviors help them manage their pain levels. But one patient stated that the exercise increase his strength and improves ability to stand up but does not diminish pain. This study has limitation but these results provide information on planning OA self-management support interventions. These program may target and benefit to some patients with OA. Reference: Sperber, N.R., Bosworth, H.B., Coffman, C.J., Juntilla, K.A., Lindquist, J.H., Oddone, E.Z., Walker, T.A., Weinberger, M., Allen, K.D. (2012) Participant evaluation of a telephone-based osteoarthritis self-management program, 2006-2009. Prev Chronic Dis;9:110119. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110119

Steroid Use in Professional Sports :: Athletics Drugs Papers

Steroid Use in Professional Sports For fans, the issue of steroid use in professional sports is one of growing concern. Professional athletes were once hailed as roll models for young Americans, now there is an asterisk next to many names once idolized. Is he legitimately getting bigger, faster, and stronger? Is he one of the league’s best, strictly due to his talent and work ethic alone? Or is he one of â€Å"those guys†? Maybe former NBA great, Charles Barkley, had it right when he said, â€Å"I am not a roll model.† But maybe, just maybe, these men and women have a responsibility to the kids who adore them to do the right thing; to compete at the highest level with absolute legitimacy in the way they go about doing it. Maybe they are roll models and because they are, they must conduct themselves in a way that is respectable and â€Å"right†. The problem of steroid use in professional sports is perpetuated because the current testing policies in such leagues as Major League Baseball are n ot strict or comprehensive enough to curb the benefits athletes gain from steroid use. They have sub-par policies and are conducting sub-par testing practices. Since we cannot count on the athletes themselves to rid the leagues of this problem, the leagues need to take steroids on and defeat it with stricter regulations. Testing of steroids is simply ineffective in professional sports and until something is done the negative influence it has upon America’s youth will continue to grow. Anabolic steroids, which can be taken as a pill or as an injection, are a derivative of and mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone. Both men and women naturally produce testosterone, although women make very small amounts in comparison to men. Testosterone's role in the body is two-fold: first, it maintains the male reproductive system, including production and maintenance of the male sexual characteristics of a deeper voice, greater amounts of body hair, larger body size, and greater muscle mass. Second, for a short period of time at the onset of puberty in young men, testosterone production rises dramatically to stimulate the bulk of the male physical maturation process which leads to full bone growth, deepening voice, and growth of facial hair. It is this ability to promote muscle growth, increase lean body mass, and decrease body fat that entices teenagers to take anabolic steroids.

The Importance of the Warrior Class Exposed in Funeral Oration of Peric

There are two important matters that the "Funeral Oration of Pericles" proves, these two matters are, the great respect that Athenians have for their warrior class and how the Athenians were exceedingly proud of their city and its customs. The following paper discusses the way of life of Athenians and how the Funeral Oration of Pericles influenced it. It is a well-known fact that the Athenians had a great deal of respect for the warrior class and believed them to be among the top members of their society. The warriors were seen as the top portion of their classes. They are classified as hero's and/ or idols. The Athenians were also extremely proud of their city and its traditions. To the people of Athens their country was at the top and there was no other country that could be superior. The purpose of the funeral oration was not only to respect the departed but also to reward the citizen's national pride and their passion to defend their country. The oration was a eulogy that focuses on the prominence of Athens and her ancestors. A member of the family gave the eulogy, generally it was a son if possible. It was required by the law for the dissertation to have some necessary components. The speech had to be in regard to the lives of both the deceased and the ancestors of the deceased. At the end of the eulogy that Pericles gave he spoke in reference to the soldiers and the ancestors of Athens. Although it seemed that he was not sure if he had an impact on the people and he was unsure as to if he had been able to get through to the citizens of Athens. He states, "My task is now finished. I have performed it to the best of my ability, and in words, at least, the requirements of the law are now satisfied." (Thucydides, 109) ... ... die for their country and it's people. Athenians set a goal for themselves, they wanted to love and shield their state in all ways possible and they wanted to choose the most honourable way to die, that being during battle. The reason this way of death is seen to be so honourable is because it showed that the soldiers fully loved their country and it meant that they had completed their goal. "And where the rewards for merit are greatest, there are found the best citizens." (Thucydides, 109) In conclusion, it can be said that the Funeral Operation proved how important and significant the warrior class was in Athens and how the people of Athens had a great respect for their city and it's customs. Works Cited Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. Web 6 April 2015 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D2&force=y

War Strategies of Sir Arthur Currie :: essays research papers

War Strategies of Sir Arthur Currie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sir Arthur Currie was not a man raised to become a great general, he had to start from the beginning and work his way to the top. He served his country by fighting and leading battles that made Canada a great independent nation, making him a figure of inspiration to many Canadians. In the many battles of World War One, including Amiens, Passchendaele, Vimy Ridge, and others, Arthur Currie devised well prepared, flexible, unique, and intelligent war strategies that led Canadian troops to victory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born on December 5th, 1875 in Napperton, Ontario, Arthur William Currie found his place in the world. Having been the third of seven children, Currie found his family to be very supportive of each other (Dancocks, 1985). At the age of 15, Currie’s father died of a stroke, leaving the family in financial problems. University was not the path to go down at this point for Currie, in hopes of becoming a lawyer. Instead, he took a teaching course (Harris, 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on in his developing career, Currie met with a woman named Lucy Charworth-Musters, who would one day be his wife. With a paying job as a teacher, he decided to enlist in the militia as a lowly gunner in the 5th Regiment at the Canadian Garrison Artillery. In 1901, Currie married Lucy and found a better-paying job at an insurance firm at Matson and Coles (Dancocks, 1985). With great devotion to his wife and two children, the militia was still one of Currie’s priorities and he became a commander of the 5th Regiment of Artillery, winning the Governor-General’s Cup for efficiency (Hyatt, 1987). On the 4th of August in 1914, the British ultimatum to Germany expired and Canada was now automatically at war (Hyatt, 1987).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With careful planning, co-operation, good leadership and courage, Currie managed to bring out the characteristics of a well thought out success at Vimy Ridge in April of 1917 (Dancocks, 1985). Sir Arthur Currie’s responsibility was to command the 1st Canadian Division (Hyatt, 1987). He pushed his troops to undergo rigorous training and to prepare themselves by using a life-size course, with every trench marked by tape and a flag (Dancocks, 1985). Currie designed very accurate maps and he had a small-scale plasticine model built so that it could be studied by all soldiers. Arthur Currie insisted that his division’s knowledge of the enemy was excellent (Dancocks, 1985). War Strategies of Sir Arthur Currie :: essays research papers War Strategies of Sir Arthur Currie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sir Arthur Currie was not a man raised to become a great general, he had to start from the beginning and work his way to the top. He served his country by fighting and leading battles that made Canada a great independent nation, making him a figure of inspiration to many Canadians. In the many battles of World War One, including Amiens, Passchendaele, Vimy Ridge, and others, Arthur Currie devised well prepared, flexible, unique, and intelligent war strategies that led Canadian troops to victory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born on December 5th, 1875 in Napperton, Ontario, Arthur William Currie found his place in the world. Having been the third of seven children, Currie found his family to be very supportive of each other (Dancocks, 1985). At the age of 15, Currie’s father died of a stroke, leaving the family in financial problems. University was not the path to go down at this point for Currie, in hopes of becoming a lawyer. Instead, he took a teaching course (Harris, 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on in his developing career, Currie met with a woman named Lucy Charworth-Musters, who would one day be his wife. With a paying job as a teacher, he decided to enlist in the militia as a lowly gunner in the 5th Regiment at the Canadian Garrison Artillery. In 1901, Currie married Lucy and found a better-paying job at an insurance firm at Matson and Coles (Dancocks, 1985). With great devotion to his wife and two children, the militia was still one of Currie’s priorities and he became a commander of the 5th Regiment of Artillery, winning the Governor-General’s Cup for efficiency (Hyatt, 1987). On the 4th of August in 1914, the British ultimatum to Germany expired and Canada was now automatically at war (Hyatt, 1987).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With careful planning, co-operation, good leadership and courage, Currie managed to bring out the characteristics of a well thought out success at Vimy Ridge in April of 1917 (Dancocks, 1985). Sir Arthur Currie’s responsibility was to command the 1st Canadian Division (Hyatt, 1987). He pushed his troops to undergo rigorous training and to prepare themselves by using a life-size course, with every trench marked by tape and a flag (Dancocks, 1985). Currie designed very accurate maps and he had a small-scale plasticine model built so that it could be studied by all soldiers. Arthur Currie insisted that his division’s knowledge of the enemy was excellent (Dancocks, 1985).

Continuity and Change over Time Essay Essay

Things that stayed the same in India from 300 CE to 600 CE were the Gupta rule, the caste system, Hinduism, scientific advances, and trade. Things that changed during this period were the fall in popularity of Buddhism, the decline in Silk Road trade, and the fall of the Gupta. Things that stayed the same in India from 300 CE to 600 CE were the Gupta rule, the social structure, the most popular religion, and the wealth generated by trade. Hinduism will continue to be the popular religion in India. The caste system was the main social structure. The Brahmins were the highest class in India. Because they were priests, who showed their support for the caste system, they were kept in high political standing. During this period, there were continuous advancements. This included astronomy, mathematics, literature, and medicine. They created a number system and identified pi; they also had doctors that were able to perform operations. India had been connected to trade routes since the time of Cyrus the Great (around 550 BCE). They had also mastered the monsoon winds which allowed them to trade in the Indian Ocean basin. The Silk Roads allowed for traders to sell all the way from the Chinese Empires to the Western Roman Empires. They traded spices such as pepper, cosmetics, gems and pearls. Other empires saw India’s wealth and clambered to trade with them. This allowed the spread of Buddhism to China, and Hinduism to Southeast Asia. Things that changed in India from 300 CE to 600 CE were the fall in popularity of Buddhism, the decline in Silk Road trade, and the fall of the Gupta. Once Ashoka was no longer in power, there was no one high up in the political structure that was encouraging the masses to convert to Buddhism, so they turned back to Hinduism. All along the Silk Road, illness was spreading. Rome was afflicted by the bubonic plague and small pox. To try and stop these diseases from afflicting the people of the empire, they moved to a more regional, self-sufficient form of trade. This, however, caused an economic slowdown. The end to the Gupta dynasty was because of the invasion of the White Huns. This ended in the splitting of India into smaller, regional kingdoms. Things that stayed the same in India from 300 CE to 600 CE were the social structure, the most popular religion, and the wealth generated by trade. Hinduism will continue to be the popular religion in India. Things that changed during this period included the decrease in converts to Buddhism, the epidemics plaguing the Silk Roads slowing trade, and the eventual overthrow of the reigning dynasty. Continuity and Change over Time Essay: Rome from 100 CE to 600 CE Things that stayed the same in Rome from 100 CE to 600 CE were slavery, trade, latafundias, technological advances, and family roles. Things that changed during this period were the influences of Christianity, social changes, the splitting of the Empire, and the Fall of Rome. Things that stayed the same in Rome from 100 CE to 600 CE were slavery, latafundias, trade, technological advances, and family roles. In the 2nd c. CE, over 1/3 of the Roman population was slaves. This made it hard to find work in the middle and lower class. This was mainly because of the monopoly latafundia owners had over the agricultural business. Latafundias were similar to plantations in that they were large in scale, and run on slave labor. This allowed the owners to sell their products for cheap, and cause smaller farms to have to sell their land. Trade was mainly continuous throughout the Roman Empire. They imported goods from all along the Silk Roads, from India the traded spices, from Egypt and Persia carpets and grain, from parts of the Mediterranean wine and oil, and from China silk. One of the major advances they made was the development of concrete. They created advanced sewage systems, and continued the construction of the Roman road and bridge projects. Throughout Roman history, society was run by the male head of the family, called the pater family. Women were subservient to men (except for in Sparta) but they did have a few rights. Wealthy women often wielded power behind-the-scenes. Things that changed during this period were the influences of Christianity, social changes, the splitting of the Empire, and the Fall of Rome. Social  changes within the empire became more and more apparent because the newly rich began challenging the aristocratic class. The poor class began to grow rapidly. The Roman Empire wasn’t accepting of Christianity, because of its refusal to worship any of their gods. Christianity began to spread through the Roman Empire, and Constantine created the Edict of Milan to accept Christianity within the Empire, because he converted to Christianity. Diocletian negotiated with Persia and was able to successfully divide the Roman Empire in two. Constantine ordered the construction of Constantinople. The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by several internal factors. The Barracks Emperors or the 26 claimants to the throne resulted in a power struggle. The diseases that were spreading over the Silk Roads caused Rome to begin trading regionally, eventually collapsing its imperial economy. When the Chinese continued building the Great Wall, it pushed the Huns westward towards the Visigoths. The Visigoths then pushed west, trying to escape the Huns, forcing the Germanic tribes into Rome. The Germanic tribes wreaked havoc in Rome, and eventually seized power, ending the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. So the saying â€Å"Rome Fell when China Built a Wall† has some truth to it. Things that stayed the same in Rome from 100 CE to 600 CE were social standings of slaves, Silk Road trading, large aristocratically owned plantations, advances within the empire, and roles within the family structure. Things that changed during this period were the reigning religion, changes to social standing, the division of Rome, and the eventual end of the empire.

Barrier & Computer

Computer hardware is no longer a major barrier to wide use of wireless information systems. This is due to the number of different systems available to connect on. I will be discussing 3 of these, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and 3G. The Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) standard is based on the 802. 11 specification and is currently the most common standard for wireless home and small-office networking. Wi-Fi is ideal for small-business and home wireless networks with an indoor range of about 150 feet and an outdoor range of about 300 feet.In a simple network, the network signal is brought into the home/office via a modem, and a router/access point distributes the signal. There are four common versions of 802. 11, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. 802. 11n The 802. 11n specification is the most recent development in the area of Wi-Fi. 802. 11n builds on previous 802. 11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and 40 MHz channels to the physical (PHY) layer, and frame ag gregation to the MAC layer. MIMO is a technology which uses multiple antennas to coherently resolve more information than possible using a single antenna.Two important benefits it provides to 802. 11n are antenna diversity and spatial multiplexing. 802. 11g The 802. 11g specification is the most recent of the Wi-Fi specs to be approved and is currently the most commonly implemented Wi-Fi standard. Like 802. 11n and 802. 11b, 802. 11g operates in the 2. 4GHz spectrum, but without the MIMO advantage of 802. 11n, 802. 11g is highly subject to interference from other electronic devices that operate in the same spectrum, such as cordless phones and baby monitors. 802. 11b As the first popular Wi-Fi technology, the 802.11b specification offers slower data speeds than 802. 11n, 802. 11g, or 802. 11a, with a theoretical throughput of 11Mbps and real-world performance of about 5Mbps. Otherwise, its specs mirror those of 802. 11g. 802. 11b has an indoor range of about 150 feet, and it operate s in the 2. 4GHz band, making it highly susceptible to interference from other devices. On the positive side, 802. 11b products are very inexpensive, if you can find them. 802. 11a An oddity of the Wi-Fi specs is 802. 11a–it's less common but does have certain advantages over 802.11g. 802. 11a operates in the 5GHz frequency, which means it's less susceptible to interference from cordless phones and microwave ovens. 802. 11a also boasts speeds similar to 802. 11g, though because 802. 11g and 802. 11a use different frequencies, they can't talk directly to one another. If you're using an 802. 11a adapter on a notebook, you won't be able to connect to most Wi-Fi hot spots. 802. 11a also lacks the range of the other Wi-Fi flavors, spanning only about 100 feet. Finally, the 5GHz radio inside 802.11a products will drain power faster than a 2. 4GHz radio . Next is Bluetooth, a low-power radio signal specification that allows devices to communicate and exchange information on a smalle r scale than Wi-Fi using a personal-area network. Bluetooth's practical throughput is roughly 500Kbps, and its range is no more than 30 feet, making Bluetooth ideal for simple exchanges of information between devices. Bluetooth is also easier to use than Wi-Fi. Bluetooth devices that come within range of each other can communicate automatically with little or no setup.Common applications for Bluetooth include wireless keyboards and mice for notebook and desktop PCs, communication and file transfers between PCs and PDAs; wireless printing to a Bluetooth printer; and wireless headsets for cell phones. Newer applications include Bluetooth-enabled cars that communicate with Bluetooth-enabled phones, allowing for true hands-free phone operation in the car. However, Bluetooth operates on the 2. 4GHz band, subject to the same interference issues as 802. 11 network devices.3G is an broad term that refers to third-generation wireless networks that deliver broadband speeds to cell phones and other mobile devices. With speeds between 144Kbps and 2. , you can download files, surf the Web, send and receive e-mail, or stream music and video over the cellular networks. With a cellular modem or a 3G phone, you don't have to find discrete hot spots; an entire metropolitan area with a 3G network is essentially a giant hot spot of sorts. There are several types of 3G to choose from. The two main versions of 3G are UMTS and EVDO. Speeds for each are comparable, though EVDO is more widely available.Currently, Verizon Wireless is the main provider of EVDO networks, with coverage in about 50 cities and metropolitan areas. UMTS is available through Cingular/AT&T Wireless, though only in very limited areas. Cingular/AT&T also provides EDGE networks, which are technically 2. 5G cellular technology. EDGE is slower than both UMTS and EVDO, transmitting data at rates of about 90Kbps. On the plus side, EDGE networks are more widely available than UMTS, and in fact, Cingular encourages usin g EDGE networks when outside of their geographically limited UMTS coverage areas .The next generation of wireless system is, WiBro (Wireless Broadband) is a wireless broadband Internet technology developed by the South Korean telecoms industry. WiBro is the South Korean service name for IEEE 802. 16e international standard. WiBro adopts TDD for duplexing, OFDMA for multiple access and 8. 75 MHz as a channel bandwidth. WiBro was devised to overcome the data rate limitation of mobile phones and to add mobility to broadband Internet access In February 2002, the Korean government allocated 100 MHz of electromagnetic spectrum in the 2.3 – 2. 4 GHz band, and in late 2004 WiBro Phase 1 was standardized by the TTA of Korea and in late 2005 ITU reflected WiBro as IEEE 802. 16e. Two South Korean Telecoms (KT, SKT) launched commercial service in June 2006 . In the course of just a few short years, wireless technologies have changed the way we connect computers, phones, PDAs, and other d evices both to each other and to the Internet. Today, Wi-Fi is the most popular wireless local-area networking technology and is now a common feature of many laptops, PDAs, and even cameras.Bluetooth has opened the door to low cost wireless personal-area networks (WPAN). Designed primarily as a cable replacement technology, WPAN systems help you connect with low power requirements at short ranges. WWANs, or wireless wide-area networks, are designed to deliver high bandwidth across large areas. WWANs are already beginning to offer wireless alternatives to cable Internet access and DSL. As a result, these technologies and upcoming technologies have led to hardware no longer being a barrier to the wide use of wireless technologies.

The Unique Architecture of Taj Mahal and Symbolism

Have you ever wondered how it will be like going to place that filled with love, passion, and peace that have been in this world for around 4 centuries? Everyone has seen the photograph of this beautiful monument and it is called the Tax Mall. Tax Mall is Indian's most famous architectural wonder and also one of the most beautiful work of art. Tax Mall is now located in the heart of Agar, India. Tax Mall stands on the bank on river Yamaha. Tax Mall is said to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Tax Mall is one of the beautiful places in India.It's most beautiful buildings, ardent and of course the beautiful tomb attracts many visitors from all over the world. The Tax is undoubtedly one of the most spectacular buildings of the world. Tax Mall, a tomb in India, considered as one of the most beautiful building that man ever created in the world. The Tax Mall meaner, â€Å"Crown palace†. It was built in the year 1631, and it was a tribute to him wife Mutual Mall a Muslim Per sian princess. Shah Johan, the fifth emperor was born on October 15, 1592, on the boarder of the Tar Desert.Johan climbed to the throne in 1628 soon after his father had died. Shah Johan was married to a Persian princess Mutual Mall at the age of sixteen. Both of them had to wait approximately 5 years to get married. Mutual Man's maiden name was changed from Argument Bank to Mutual Mall, which is very common in India after a loyal woman is married. Johan never wanted to be away from Mutual but Mutual always tried to engage with the citizens in Agar. Mutual was very generous, supportive and very helpful towards Shah Johan as well.In the nineteenth year of their marriage, Mutual was about to give birth to her fourteenth child in Bureau Purr when Mutual had complication. Mutual Mall died in A. D. 1629. Johan was there in Bureau Purr for a military crusade and Mutual was there for support. Johan was over whelmed with sorrows of Mutual death. In the early sass's there was an emperor name d Shah Johan the fifth emperor in India. Shah Johan became miserable and depressed. Shah Johan reportedly locked himself in a room and refused drink and food for about eighty days.According to the legend, when he finally came out his black beard was completely white. In the last minute of Mutual death, Mutual extracted four promises. First, that he build the Tax Mall; second, hat he should marry again; third, that he be kind to their children; and finally the forth, that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary. And history states that he kept the first and the second promise, which was to build Tax Mall and that he should get married again. Shah Johan then wanted to fulfill his wife first promise.He made preparation for the construction of Tax Mall. The construction began in A. D. 1631. The building stared to build about 1632 and was completed by 1643 and the surrounding compounds of the building and gardens were completed by 1653. The Tax Mall is sited on the south part of the r iver Yamaha. There were approximately twenty thousand employees working on the project and they worked really hard day and even night. The architects came from India, Persia, Central Asia, and beyond to make plans and preparations. The material came from various part of India.Material did not Just come from India; it also came from Afghanistan, Egypt, and from many other countries. The materials were really rare and it included Jewelries and crystal, jade, amber and many other valuable treasures. They also picked up treasures from the Indian Ocean, rare shells, coral, pearl. Poppas, onyxes, garnets, sapphires, bloodstone, and forty-three types of gems. The white marble was imported from Restaurants, the Jasper from Punjab and the Jade and crystal from China. They also dug up marbles from the hills in the southwest in Jasper in Restaurants.In order to transport the marble, a ten-mile long ramp of tamped earth was built through Agar and elephants and bullock carts dragged the marbles to the building site. Over one- thousand elephants were used to transport building materials during the time of construction. The first building to be constructed was the tomb. The construction started in 1632. The tomb stands cross the garden from all the main gateways. It is built on a raised platform. The tomb stands in the garden and the garden in measured about 1,900 feet by 1,000 feet. The garden is a Muslim symbol of paradise.The surrounding compounds of the building, gardens and the main gateway were completed by 1653. The tomb is positioned on the southern part of the river Yamaha. The tomb is mainly made out of white marble. The building itself is 186 feet square. A large bulb-shaped like a dome is about 187 feet high and 70 feet in diameter, and it ices over the center with four other small domes surrounding on four corners of the building. On each side of the tomb stands four minaret and its purpose is to center the structure and they are about 133 feet high.The small do mes are often referred to as minarets or towers. The side of the towers there is Redstone building, which is a mosque (a building that serves as the main place for Muslims). The visitors come to the Tax Mall through a magnificent red stone gate, decorated with education from the Muslim Holy Bible called â€Å"Quart†. The gate also contains a beautiful, geometrically laid out garden on each side. The main gate is across from the tomb structure and it is 150 feet wide and almost 100 feet tall. The inside of the Tax Mall, the tomb of Shah Khan's beloved wife Mutual Mall.The tomb stands at the center of an octagonal hall. Slightly near the tomb of Mutual Mall lies the tomb of Shah Johan who died in 1666. Both tombs are elaborately fined with semiprecious stones. The stones are clarified by sunlight filtering through richly craved marble screen that is also studded with Jewels. Tax Mall also known as the â€Å"tomb of light. † In order to get to the tomb, a person would hav e to walk through many hallways. This is for beauty and to keep out any unnecessary gate climbers. Many Hindu followers pass through the tomb asking for blessing from the queen's spirit.After praying to the queen, they also pray to the emperor Shah Johan. (â€Å"The Penguin guide to the monuments of India†) The Tax Mall is Indian's most well known structure, and the most beautiful piece of architecture in the world. According to the history, a Turkish Architect built the Tax Mall. The laborers' were engineers, carvers, artists, calligraphers, architects, and craftsmen of all sorts and a verity of common laborers. This architecture is put together of tomb, mosque, gardens, gateways, and fountains.The architect's name is unknown but it is clear that talent came from many part of the Muslim and western part of the world came together in Agar to work on the tomb. The main designer of the Tax Mall was the emperor Shah Johan, but Johan was helped by lot of other men in the world. I ts believed that the architects was an engineer and an astrologers from Persia named Mohamed, but the true architect was a mystery for the world. After the construction, Shah Johan order that every employees' ands should be cut off because Shah Johan never wanted them to built another building again.The Tax Mall, also known as one of the seventh wonders of the world, was created under the emperor Shah Johan; Tax Mall is an exaggerated building Shah Johan built this formation to celebrate his departed wife, Mutual Mall. This enormous creation is beautiful both inside as well as inside the Tax Mall. Johan also felt that the structure would help the citizens of Agar to be more pleased. Shah Johan fell into deep depression after Mutual died and Johan wanted to build something for his bellowed wife, so everyone in the India would know how he emperor felt. The Tax Mall symbolizes the love that Johan had for Mutual Mall.The Tax Mall still has effect on today humankind with tourism. Thousan ds of thousands people visit Tax Mall daily to see the beauty of the creation of Shah Johan and to see how love could have an effect on people life. People go there to see how these outstanding buildings and gardens and they also learn how Tax Mall came to be. The power of one man, it came all true by fulfilling Khan's wife Matzo's promise. The love that emperor Shah Johan had for Khan's wife Mutual has lasted for centuries. And no wonder it is called one of the seventh wonders of the world.The Tax Mall shows how the loss of one man's love can influence the whole world. The gift of Shah Johan and every people who helped to design touched India and the world. â€Å"Online Trip to the Tax Mall†, by Architecture Week, Architecture Week No. 38, 2001. 0214, . 1. Davies, Philip. The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, Volvo II. London: Viking, 1989. Tagged, Christopher. The History of Architecture in India. London: Phaeton Press, 1990. Http://www. Plainclothesmen. Com/tax-mall /tax-architecture. HTML http://library. Thinkers. Org/27638/Tasmania. HTML

Children in Conflict with Law: Scenario of Crimes Committed and Justice Delivery System for Juveniles in India Essay

As per the recent report of the National Council for Protection of Child Rights (2013) that there are approximately 32,000 children a year at any point of time as ‘Children in conflict with the law‘. Within this smaller universe, looking at NCRB data for 2012 the report find that 8569 children were apprehended for murder, attempt to murder, rape and theft which is about 25.45 %. Further, as against all forms of crimes recorded each year, NCRB‘s compilation of data reflects that juvenile crimes for the years 2001 and 2012 accounted for 16509 and 33668 which is only 0.9 % and 1.3 % percentage respectively of the total crimes committed in the country. The fact that there is only a miniscule number of children in conflict with law and that too that they have not been given protection has to be factored in while discussing either reduction in age or increase in punishment of the juvenile (NCPCR, 2013). Juvenile delinquency during 2012 As per the data provided by NCBR, in 2012 there was increase in the number of juveniles apprehended for committing almost all the types of cognizable offences over 2002 and quinquennial average during that period (Table 1). From the table it appears that the increase in the juvenile apprehended for various offences in absolute terms is very less than what appears in percent. For example there were only 33 cases of counterfeiting recorded during 2012 but it shows increase of 1000 percent over 2002. Further there was 333.3 % increase in 2012 in death caused due to negligence over such cases recorded during 2002. Most of these cases were associated with rash motor vehicle driving. Table 1.1 Comparison of select offences committed by juvenile delinquents during 2007-12 in India |No. |Type of Offence |Quinquennial Average |Offences Recorded in|Percent increase |Percent increase | | | |offences recorded |2012 |over QA average |over crime recorded | | | |during 2007-11 | | |in 2002 | |1 |Murder |765 |990 |29.4 |86.4 | |2 |Attempt to commit murder |580 |876 |51.5 |86.8 | |3 |Preparation and assembly for |62 |92 |47.9 |100 | | |Dacoity | | | | | |4 |Dacoity |137 |174 |176.2 |176.2 | |5 |Robbery |516 |767 |270.5 |270 | |6 |Death due to negligence |161 |260 |61.3 |333.3 | |7 |Counterfeiting |14 |33 |132.4 |1000 | Causes of juvenile delinquency: Of the various factors affecting the juvenile delinquency socio-economic conditions of the children are considered to be of most importance. In the year 2012 a total of 39822 delinquents were apprehended under various offences. It was found that there is direct correlation with the economic status of the delinquent. With increasing income of the family there was reduction in the number of delinquents apprehended for various offences. Fig. indicates that during 2012 of the total delinquents apprehended in the country 52 % were belonging to lower income group having annual income of less that Rs. 25,000/-. The percentage of delinquents reduced with the increase in the annual income of the parents. Thus there were only 0.84 % delinquents belonging to upper income group having annual income of more than Rs. 3,00,000/-. Similar situation was observed in Gujarat where of the total (2406) delinquents apprehended 71 % belonged to the lower income group having annual family income less than R s. 25,000/- while in the upper income group (annual income more than Rs.3,00,000) there was no child recorded to be in conflict with law. As per the data provided by NCRB (2012) delinquency in the children is also associated with the educational status of the children. The children who have never attended any school (illiterates) and those who have attended the school for a short period (having received primary education) represent 60 % of the total delinquents (illiterates -14 % and primary education- 46 %). As against earlier reports (Mishra—-), the NCBR report of 2012 states that during 2012 the percentage of illiterates in the total delinquents was a mere 14 %. The percentage of delinquent having received secondary education than was reported to be 31 %. The percentage of delinquents who have received higher education was least. Figure 1 shows the overall picture of educational status of the delinquents apprehended during 2012 in India. Similar situation was observed in the case of delinquents apprehended Also the age and sex of the delinquent plays a very important role. During 2012 of all the juveniles apprehended for various offences 66.5 % were belonging to the age group 16-18 years. Moreover, there was increase of 22.2 % in the juveniles of age group 16-18 years apprehended under IPC and other SLL in 2012 over 2011. Also of the total juveniles apprehended since 2001 to 2012 the percentage of girls has never exceeded 7 %. It was 5.9 % in 2012. The increase in number of juveniles of the age group 16-18 years associated with various crimes including murder; attempt to commit murder; rape; kidnapping; dacoity; burglary; theft; etc., and the gang rape of a girl in Delhi had led many activists to approach the Apex Court with a petition to reduced the age of juvenile as defined in S. 2(k) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2002. The event of gang rape of a 23-year-old girl in Delhi in December 2012 wherein a juvenile was one of the accused had created uproar. Among other things, petitions were filed in India’s Supreme Court to examine the constitutional validity of a provision of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 that treats a person younger than 18 years as a minor for crimes committed. The Supreme Court refused to reduce the age of juvenile from 18 to 16 years and dismissed a plea that minors involved in heinous crimes should not be protected under the law. On 17th July 2013 a bench headed by then Chief Justice Altamas Kabir said that interference in Juvenile Justice Act is not necessary and dismissed a batch of PILs which were filed in the aftermath of the December brutal gang rape and murder case in which a minor was also allegedly involved. The fact that of the percentage of delinquents in the total crimes committed in the country is around 1.0 % and that at the age of 16-18 years boys are more aggressive justifies the argument of keeping the age of juvenile as per the existing provisions of the JJ Act. An argument put forward by the sociologist that the child in care of parents is less likely to become delinquent than those having no parents or living with guardians or homeless is not applicable in cases of juveniles apprehended for committing various offences during 2012. There were more than 81 % of the delinquents (Fig.—-) living with their parent who were apprehended during 2012. Thus living without parents is not a cause for Disposal of del inquent’s cases: To ensure speedy proceedings, the JJ Act specifies that proceedings â€Å"shall be completed within a period of four months from the date of [their] commencement,† but with exceptions if the â€Å"period is extended by the Board having regard to the circumstances of the case and in special cases after recording the reasons in writing for such extension.† This discretion permits cases to languish in the system indefinitely (Rickard, 2008). The figures given by NCBR indicates that there are a total of 10721 cases pending with various JJ Boards that accounts for 36.84 % of the cases admitted in these boards. Thus there is a need for quick disposal of pending cases. The data provided by NCBR (2012) show that there are a few states where the rate of disposal of cases is very high (e.g. Tamilnadu- 81 %) where as in other states it is not so (Haryana – 38.15 %). In states like Jammu and Kashmir the disposal of cases is very slow (12.2 %). View of Apex Court on punishment Another important question that requires urgent attention is that large numbers of cases of juvenile were tried in regular Court having criminal jurisdiction and where ever the courts have found the accused guilty, sentences have been awarded. The provision of S. 7 of the JJ Act regarding determination of the age of the accused is overlooked in such cases. At later stages when the accused comes to know about his/her right as juvenile fresh appeals are filed in the High Courts or the Supreme Court. In one of such cases M B Lokur J. of the Apex court had to decide three issues (Jitendra Singh @ Baboosing and ors. Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh on 13th July 2013- unreported). 1. Whether the appellant was a juvenile or a child as defined by Section 2(k) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 on the date of occurrence of the offence he was charged with. 2. Whether the conviction of the appellant can be sustained on merits and, if so, the sentence to be awarded to the appellant. 3. Whether any appropriate measures can be taken to prevent the recurrence of a situation, such as the present, where an accused is subjected to a trial by a regular Court having criminal jurisdiction but he or she is later found to be a juvenile. Considering the facts of the case, provisions of the JJ (Care and Protection) Act 2002 and after taking in to consideration past judgements of the apex courts Lokur J. decided that: 1. The documentary evidences (school admission register) and medical examination proves beyond doubt that the appellant was about 17 years of age when the incident had occurred and that he had set up a claim of being a juvenile or child soon after his arrest and before the charge sheet was filed. In other words, the appellant was a juvenile or a child within the meaning of that expression as defined in Section 2(k) of the Act. 2. Also majority of children dealt with under the JJA come from the lowest wealth strata and do not have a birth certificate. The medical report provides a range of age and does not determine it accurately giving a wide discretion to the judges who determine the age using various factors (Ved Kumari, 2009). 2. Based on the evidences presented by the prosecution it was held by both t he sessions and the High Court that the case of causing dowry death had convincingly been made out against the appellant. Therefore, the conviction was upheld by the Apex Court. 3. While awarding the sentence to the appellant who was juvenile on the date of commission of crime, the Apex Court noted that there existed many views: a. Conviction was upheld but the sentence quashed (Jayendra V. State of Uttar Pradesh (1981) 4 SCC 149). Similarly in Bhoop Ram v. State of U.P. (1989) 3 SCC 1, Pradeep Kumar v. State of U.P., 1995 Supp (4) SCC 419, Bhola Bhagat and other v. State of Bihar, (1997) 8 SCC 720, Upendra Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2005) 3 SCC 592, Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab, (2005) 12 SCC 615, Vijay Singh v. State of Delhi, (2012) 8 SCC 763. b. In another category of cases the Apex court had upheld the conviction but the sentence awarded was modified to the period of detention already undergone e.g. Satish @ Dhanna v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (2009) 14 SCC 187 and in Dharam bir v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2010) 5 SCC 344. c. In a third category of cases wherein the juvenile against whom conviction was proved, appeal against his conviction was allowed and the entire case remitted to the Juvenile Justice Board for disposal in accordance with law e.g. Hari Ram v. State of Rajasthan, (2009) 13 SCC 211 and Daya Nand v. State of Haryana, (2011) 2 SCC 224. d. In yet another category of cases the apex court upheld the conviction but sent the entire records of the case to Juvenile Justice Board for awarding suitable punishment e.g. Ashwani Kumar Saxena v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (2012) 9 SCC 750. Considering the provision made in Section 20 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 in the instant case the matter was referred back to the Juvenile Justice Board for award of punishment. Regarding the preventive measures to be taken to avoid such situation the Apex Court observed that every Magistrate before whom an accused is produced to ascertain, in the first instance or as soon thereafter as may be possible, whether the accused person is an adult or a juvenile in conflict with law. The reason for this, obviously, is to avoid a two-fold difficulty: first, to avoid a juvenile being subjected to procedures under the normal criminal law and de hors the Act and the Rules, and second, a resultant situation, where the ‘trial’ of the juvenile is required to be set aside and quashed as having been conducted by a court not having jurisdiction to do so or a juvenile, on being found guilty, going ‘unpunished’. This is necessary not only in the best interests of the juvenile but also for the better administration of criminal justice so that the Magistrate or the Sessions Judge (as the case may be) does not waste his time and energy on a trial’ . 1. Every Magistrate must ascertain that when an accused is produced before him, and if the Magistrate has any iota of doubt about the juvenility of an accused produced before him, Rule 12 provides that a Magistrate may arrive at a prima facie conclusion on the juvenility, on the basis of his physical appearance. In our opinion, in such a case, this prima facie opinion should be recorded by the Magistrate. An inquiry into the juvenility of the accused must be done at an early stage preferably on first production. 2. Due to the poor socio-economic condition of the juvenile the court observed that it is difficult to expect a juvenile in conflict with law to know his rights upon apprehension by a police officer and if the precautions that have been suggested are taken, the best interests of the child and thereby of society will be duly served. Therefore, it may be presumed, by way of a benefit of doubt that because of his status, a juvenile may not be able to raise a claim for juvenil ity in the first instance and that is why it becomes the duty and responsibility of the Magistrate to look into this aspect at the earliest point of time in the proceedings before him. We are of the view that this may be a satisfactory way of avoiding the recurrence of a situation such as the one dealt with. 3. Attention may be drawn to Section 41-B of the Code which requires a police officer making an arrest to prepare a memorandum of arrest which shall be attested by at least one witness who is a member of the family of the person arrested or a respectable member of the locality where the arrest is made. The police officer is also mandated to inform the arrested person, if the memorandum of arrest is not attested by a member of his family, that he has a right to have a relative or a friend named by him to be informed of his arrest. 4. Every police officer making an arrest is also obliged to inform the arrested person of his rights including the full particulars of the offence for which he has been arrested or other grounds for such arrest (Section 50 of the Code), the right to a counsel of his choice and the right that the police inform his friend, relative or su ch other person of the arrest. 5. According to the provisions of S. 54 of the CrPC when any person is arrested, it is obligatory for the arresting authority to ensure that he is got examined by a medical officer in the service of the Central or the State Government or by a registered medical practitioner. The medical officer or registered medical practitioner is mandated to prepare a record of such examination including any injury or mark of violence on the person arrested. 6. If these procedures are followed, the probability of a juvenile, on apprehension, being shown as an adult and sent to judicial custody in a jail, will be considerably minimized. If these procedures are followed, as they should be, along with the requirement of a Magistrate to examine the juvenility or otherwise of an accused person brought before him, subjecting a juvenile in conflict with law to a trial by a regular Court may become a thing of the past. 7. The Court also directed that whenever an accused, who physically appears to be a juvenile, is produced before a Magistrate, he or she should form a prima facie opinion on the juvenility of the accused and record it. If any doubt persists, the Magistrate should conduct an age inquiry as required by Section 7A of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 to determine the juvenility or otherwise of the accused person. In this regard, it is better to err on the side of caution in the first instance rather than have the entire proceedings reopened or vitiated at a subsequent stage or a guilty person go unpunished only because he or she is found to be a juvenile on the date of occurrence of the incident.† Conclusion Over the years the number of children coming in conflict with law is increasing and percentage children in the age group of 16-18 years apprehended for committing various offences is also on rise. Poor economic condition of the children coupled with no education or less education is considered to be the important factors for this. The demand for reducing the age of children coming in conflict with law from 18 years to 16 years has rightly been refused by the Apex Court. The Apex Court has also suggested that the provisions of Ss 41-B, 50 and 54 of the CrPC be followed strictly to avoid the trial of juvenile with regular Court. If the Magistrate before whom the delinquent is produced has slightest doubt about the age of the accused, he must ascertain it as per the provisions of S-7 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2002. References: 1. Altmas Kabir CJI, S S Nijjar J. And J. Chelameswar J (2013). Writ petition (C) N0. 10 of 2013. Judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgd1.aspx?filename=40584. Last accessed on 13th Aug. 2013. 2. Mishra B N (1991) Juvenile Delinquency and Justice System, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 3. National Crime Records Bureau (2013) Crime in India 2012, www.ncbr.gov.in/ Last accessed on 13th Aug. 2013. 4. NCPCR (2013) Status of Children in 14-18 Years: Review Of Policy, Programme and Legislative Framework 2012-2013. 5. Rickard Erika (2008) Paying lip service to the silenced: Juvenile Justice in India, Harvard Human Rights Journal 21: 155-166. 6. Supreme Court (2013) Jitendra Singh @ Baboosing and ors. Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh on 13th July 2013- unreported. www.indiankanoon.org/doc/70248453/ Last accessed on 13th Aug. 2013. 7. Ved Kumari (2009) Juvenile justice : Scuring the rights of children during 1998 – 2008. NUJS L. REV.557-572.

Home safety assessmeny Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home safety assessmeny - Coursework Example L The presence of a chair in the balcony as well as unenclosed reagents has the greatest potential of jeopardizing with the safety of my household members. The children in my household are ever active and curious, and as a result of these it is evident that their safety is at risk. M I have decided to ensure that the door to the balcony is ever closed when an adult is not around. I also lock all reagents and lotions in their respective shelves after and before use. To prevent children from being burnt, I will ensure that the kitchen is always under key and lock when all adults are out of home. N This evaluation assignment has enabled me realize that there are a lot of things that we do ignore in our respective homes that are very detrimental to our own health. It has also made learn the essence of ensuring everything is well stored at home so as to reduce the health hazard

Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply and Demand - Essay Example The discussion then shifts to US perspective where in the price of the oil is determined to a great extent by the Americans. Nearly 25% of the world oil supplies are consumed by USA. The article concludes by stating that the price of the crude oil may go up to $200 per barrel in the coming years. The demand in the output markets are determined by the households from the above diagram. A household's decision about what quantity of a particular product depends upon the following factors and all the factors are getting affected due to the price hike. Other products include substitutes (Solar power, Electric Battery, Wind power etc.) and complementary goods (Cars and Automobiles etc.). Due to this price rise, the prices of these substitutes and complementary goods will remain affected. Substitutes, a favourable condition exists and for complementary goods, the condition worsens. As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers. The producers/suppliers price the oil as per the law of supply in early 2000's where the oil market was a buyers market. The basis of pricing was cost of production of the least efficient marginal supplier. As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers in the perspective of price hike. ... It is the amount left after a household sells off all its possessions and pays off all its debts. 4. The Prices of other products available in the market Other products include substitutes (Solar power, Electric Battery, Wind power etc.) and complementary goods (Cars and Automobiles etc.). Due to this price rise, the prices of these substitutes and complementary goods will remain affected. Substitutes, a favourable condition exists and for complementary goods, the condition worsens. 5. The households' tastes and preferences will change. 6. The household's expectations about future income, wealth and prices also will change. Ultimately, the law of demand - "As price rises, quantity demanded decreases and vice versa" will play a crucial role in decision making by the household's. Graphical Analysis World Price 80 10 Quantity (Barrels) Oil Pricing before Price hike As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers. The producers/suppliers price the oil as per the law of supply in early 2000's where the oil market was a buyers market. The basis of pricing was cost of production of the least efficient marginal supplier. World Price 100 15 Quantity (Barrels) Oil Pricing after Price hike As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers in the perspective of price hike. The producers/suppliers price the oil on three major components where the oil market is now a sellers market. The basis of pricing is based on three

Labor Laws and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Laws and Unions - Essay Example AT&T purchased Bell’s assets and became the mother company of Bell in 1899. In 1927, the company launched long distance telephone service to London by use of two way radio. AT&T legally operated as a monopoly in the United States until 1984 when it settled a civil antitrust suit with the Department of Justice. This led to a split of the company and it was later restructured in 1995. AT&T remained a communications services company (www.corp.att.com) The company faces legal issues and obstacles such as copyright and illegal software dissemination actions. AT&T also faces the risk of security breach that is unique to m-commerce. Additionally, the company faces legal liability in cases regarding infringement of privacy, discriminatory acts and abuse of the market. The company, in its operation, could break several federal laws including, but not limited to the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The Communications Act of 1934 transferred regulation o f interstate telephone services from the inter-state commerce commission to the federal commerce commission. The Act aims to establish rapid, efficient, national and global wire and radio communication. It also requires these services to have adequate facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense. The Act set up a legal framework for regulating wired and wireless communication globally. It enabled the government to regulate new media technologies such as television and mobile phones. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 which was an overhaul of America’s telecommunications laws repealed sections of the Communications Act of 1934. The Act included internet in broadcasting and spectrum allotment, and allowed media cross ownership. It made the communications industry more penetrable as it let anyone enter any communications business. The Act mainly deregulated the broadcasting market. It opened markets to competition by reducing regulatory barriers. To minimize possible litigation, the company should acquire necessary licenses pertaining to its operations. Secondly, it should abide by structural regulations such as open access. Thirdly, it should eradicate discrimination rules. The company should also refrain from abusing market power. Additionally, it should take heed of antitrust law and provide consumers with security they require when using the company’s services. Part II The Communications Workers of Americ